Wheat with increased resistant starch levels

ABSTRACT

A series of independent human-induced non-transgenic mutations found at one or more of the SBEII genes of wheat; wheat plants having these mutations in one or more of their SBEII genes; and a method of creating and finding similar and/or additional mutations of SBEII by screening pooled and/or individual wheat plants. The seeds and flour from the wheat plants of the present invention exhibit an increase in amylose and resistant starch without having the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in their genomes. Additionally, the wheat plants of the present invention exhibit altered SBEII activity without having the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in their genomes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/298,041, filed Apr. 10, 2023, which is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/147,281, filed Jan. 12, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,649,464 issued May 16, 2023, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/914,994, filed Mar. 7, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,934,557 issued Mar. 2, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/825,369, filed Aug. 13, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,563,217 issued Feb. 18, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/633,588, filed Oct. 2, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,150,839, issued Oct. 6, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/542,953, entitled “WHEAT WITH INCREASED RESISTANT STARCH LEVELS,” filed Oct. 4, 2011; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under grant DK085811 awarded by National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing is being submitted electronically in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on Jul. 31, 2023, is named 147411_000137.xml and is 152,993 bytes in size.

FIELD

This invention relates to human-induced non-transgenic mutations in one or more starch branching enzyme II (SBEII) genes. In one embodiment, the invention relates to human-induced non-transgenic mutations in one or more SBEII genes of wheat and wheat plants. In still another embodiment, human-induced non-transgenic mutations are in the SBEIIa and/or SBEIIb gene sequences, more particularly, combined mutations in SBEIIa and in both SBEIIa and SBEIIb.

This invention further relates to wheat plants having wheat seeds and wheat flour with increased levels of amylose and increased levels of resistant starch as a result of non-transgenic mutations in at least one of their SBEII genes. This invention also relates to a method that utilizes non-transgenic means to create wheat plants having mutations in at least one of their SBEII genes. In addition, this invention concerns wheat flour and wheat-based food products made from the seeds of these wheat plants having mutations in at least one of their SBEII genes.

BACKGROUND

An alarming number of adults and children in the United States are either overweight or obese. Healthier food choices, including foods that are high in resistant starch, can help people to better manage their blood sugar levels and their weight. Resistant starch is defined as starch that is not digested in the small intestine of healthy individuals but is fermented in the large intestine. Due to its slow digestion, resistant starch does not have the same caloric load as readily digestible starch, nor does it cause as rapid a rise in blood glucose levels after ingestion. Instead, resistant starch results in a more controlled glucose release over a longer period of time after digestion. This results in a decreased glycemic response, increased insulin sensitivity, and greater feelings of satiety. As a form of dietary fiber, resistant starch contributes to better colon health due to its fermentation by probiotic organisms in the lower gastrointestinal tract into short chain fatty acids, such as butyrate.

In the United States, the majority of dietary starch is consumed in the form of wheat based foods, such as bread, cereals, pastas, and tortillas, which contain very low levels of resistant starch. Cereal starches typically contain less slowly digested amylose (about 25% of total starch) and more highly branched, rapidly digested amylopectin (about 75% of total starch). The amount of amylose in starch positively correlates with the levels of dietary fiber and resistant starch. In corn and barley, loss-of-function mutations of SBEIIb, one of several enzymes in the starch synthesis pathway, have been identified. SBEIIb is the predominant isoform of SBEII expressed in the endosperm of these crops and its loss results in increased amylose and resistant starch levels. In contrast, both SBEIIa and SBEIIb are expressed in the wheat endosperm, but SBEIIa is the major isoform that is expressed in this crop. Though there has been great interest in finding mutations that increase amylose content (and therefore resistant starch content) in wheat, wheat lines with increased amylose levels are not commercially available. Preferred mutations would be single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reduce or eliminate SBEII enzyme activity (and, in turn, increase amylose levels) without having significant negative pleiotropic effects.

Identification of SNPs in wheat SBEII genes has proceeded slowly because, among other possible reasons, there is limited genetic diversity in today's commercial wheat cultivars and bread wheat is a polyploid, with a complement of 7 chromosomes from each of three ancestors called the A, B and D genomes, resulting in a total of 21 chromosomes. Typically, the bread wheat genome has three functionally redundant copies of each gene (called homoeologs), and therefore, single gene alterations usually do not produce any readily visible phenotype such as those that have been found in diploid corn. Often in wheat, altered variants of all three homoeologs must be combined genetically in order to evaluate their effects. Pasta (durum) wheat is a tetraploid, consisting of A and B genomes, so only two altered copies of each homoeolog must be combined to obtain a phenotype.

To further compound these challenges, SBEIIa and SBEIIb are closely located on the same chromosome in wheat, making it difficult for alleles in these genes to be inherited independently unless through a rare recombination event. Thus, it would be useful to have knock-down or knock-out mutations, resulting from SNPs, of both SBEIIa and SBEIIb of each genome of wheat. The availability of multiple allelic mutations within each SBEII locus, particularly within each SBEII locus of the same genome, would allow for the breeding of new, non-genetically modified wheat lines with a spectrum of increased amylose and resistant starch levels in seeds. Seeds from these lines could be used to produce healthier wheat-based food products, including flour, bread, cereals, pastas, and tortillas.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the invention relates to non-transgenic mutations in one or more SBEII genes. In one embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa gene. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb gene. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIb gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations and multiple mutations in the SBEIIb gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In another embodiment, this invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof with increased amylose content and increased resistant starch levels compared to wild type wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof.

In another embodiment, this invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seeds, wheat plant parts, and progeny thereof having reduced activity of one or more SBEII enzymes compared to the wild type wheat plant, wherein the reduction in SBEII enzyme activity is caused by a human-induced non-transgenic mutation in one or more of the wheat plant's SBEII genes. In another embodiment, the SBEIIa enzyme has reduced activity. In yet another embodiment, the SBEIIb enzyme has reduced activity. In still another embodiment, the SBEIIa and SBEIIb enzymes have reduced activity.

In another embodiment, this invention includes a wheat plant containing one or more mutated SBEII genes, as well as seeds, pollen, plant parts and progeny of that plant.

In another embodiment, this invention includes food and food products incorporating wheat seeds and wheat flour having reduced SBEII enzyme activity caused by a human-induced non-transgenic mutation in one or more SBEII genes.

In another embodiment, this invention includes a wheat plant having reduced activity of one or more SBEII enzymes compared to the wild type wheat plants, created by the steps of obtaining plant material from a parent wheat plant, inducing at least one mutation in at least one copy of an SBEII gene of the plant material by treating the plant material with a mutagen to create mutagenized plant material (e.g., seeds or pollen), analyzing progeny wheat plants to detect at least one mutation in at least one copy of a SBEII gene, selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an SBEII gene, crossing progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an SBEII gene with other progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in a different copy of an SBEII gene, and repeating the cycle of identifying progeny wheat plants having mutations and crossing the progeny wheat plants having mutations with other progeny wheat plants having mutations to produce progeny wheat plants with reduced SBEII enzyme activity. In another embodiment, the method comprises growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

-   -   SEQ ID NO: 1 shows a partial Triticum aestivum gene for starch         branching enzyme IIa, A genome, exons 1-14.     -   SEQ ID NO: 2 shows the partial protein sequence encoded by SEQ         ID NO: 1.     -   SEQ ID NO: 3 shows the Triticum aestivum SBEIIa gene for starch         branching enzyme IIa, B genome, exons 1-22 (GenBank Accession         FM865435).     -   SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 3 (GenBank         Accession CAR95900).     -   SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the Aegilops tauschii gene for starch         branching enzyme IIa, D genome, complete sequence exons 1-22         (GenBank Accession AF338431).     -   SEQ ID NO: 6 shows the protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 5 (GenBank         Accession AAK26821).     -   SEQ ID NO: 7 shows a partial Triticum aestivum gene for starch         branching enzyme IIb, A genome, exons 1-11.     -   SEQ ID NO: 8 shows the partial protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 7.     -   SEQ ID NO: 9 shows the partial Triticum aestivum gene for starch         branching enzyme IIb, B genome, exons 1-11.     -   SEQ ID NO: 10 shows the partial protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 9.     -   SEQ ID NO: 11 shows the partial Aegilops tauschii gene for         starch branching enzyme IIb, D genome, exons 1-16 (GenBank         Accession AY740398).     -   SEQ ID NO: 12 shows the partial protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 11         (GenBank Accession AAW80632).     -   SEQ ID NOs: 13-58 show exemplary homoeolog specific primers that         have proven useful in identifying useful mutations within the         SBEIIa and SBEIIb gene sequences.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

The numerical ranges in this disclosure are approximate, and thus may include values outside of the range unless otherwise indicated. Numerical ranges include all values from and including the lower and the upper values, in increments of one unit, provided that there is a separation of at least two units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if a compositional, physical or other property, such as, for example, molecular weight, viscosity, etc., is from 100 to 1,000, it is intended that all individual values, such as 100, 101, 102, etc., and sub ranges, such as 100 to 144, 155 to 170, 197 to 200, etc., are expressly enumerated. For ranges containing values which are less than one or containing fractional numbers greater than one (e.g., 1.1, 1.5, etc.), one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1, as appropriate. For ranges containing single digit numbers less than ten (e.g., 1 to 5), one unit is typically considered to be 0.1. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated, are to be considered to be expressly stated in this disclosure. Numerical ranges are provided within this disclosure for, among other things, relative amounts of components in a mixture, and various temperature and other parameter ranges recited in the methods.

As used herein, the term “allele” is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

As used herein, amino acid or nucleotide sequence “identity” and “similarity” are determined from an optimal global alignment between the two sequences being compared. An optimal global alignment is achieved using, for example, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453). Sequences may also be aligned using algorithms known in the art including but not limited to CLUSTAL V algorithm or the Blastn or BLAST 2 sequence programs.

“Identity” means that an amino acid or nucleotide at a particular position in a first polypeptide or polynucleotide is identical to a corresponding amino acid or nucleotide in a second polypeptide or polynucleotide that is in an optimal global alignment with the first polypeptide or polynucleotide. In contrast to identity, “similarity” encompasses amino acids that are conservative substitutions. A “conservative” substitution is any substitution that has a positive score in the Blosum62 substitution matrix (Hentikoff and Hentikoff, 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10915-10919).

By the statement “sequence A is n % similar to sequence B,” it is meant that n % of the positions of an optimal global alignment between sequences A and B consists of identical residues or nucleotides and conservative substitutions. By the statement “sequence A is n % identical to sequence B,” it is meant that n % of the positions of an optimal global alignment between sequences A and B consists of identical residues or nucleotides.

As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant from which seed or grain or anthers have been removed. A seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant.

As used herein, the term “plant parts” includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which wheat plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, pericarp, seed, flowers, florets, heads, spikes, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, and the like.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide(s)” refers to any peptide or protein comprising two or more amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds. “Polypeptide(s)” refers to both short chains, commonly referred to as peptides, oligopeptides and oligomers, and to longer chains generally referred to as proteins. Polypeptides may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids. “Polypeptide(s)” include those modified either by natural processes, such as processing and other post-translational modifications, but also by chemical modification techniques. Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature and they are well known to those of skill in the art. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degree at several sites in a given polypeptide.

As used herein, an “SBEII derivative” refers to a SBEII protein/peptide/polypeptide sequence that possesses biological activity that is substantially reduced as compared to the biological activity of the whole SBEII protein/peptide/polypeptide sequence. In other words, it refers to a polypeptide of a modified SBEII protein of the invention that has reduced SBEII enzymatic activity. The term “SBEII derivative” encompasses the “fragments” or “chemical derivatives” of a modified SBEII protein/peptide.

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide(s)” generally refers to any polyribonucleotide or poly-deoxyribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA. This definition includes, without limitation, single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions or single-, double- and triple-stranded regions, cDNA, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded, or triple-stranded regions, or a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions. The term “polynucleotide(s)” also embraces short nucleotides or fragments, often referred to as “oligonucleotides,” that due to mutagenesis are not 100% identical but nevertheless code for the same amino acid sequence.

A “reduced or non-functional fragment,” as is used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence that encodes for a SBEII protein that has reduced biological activity as compared the protein coding of the whole nucleic acid sequence. In other words, it refers to a nucleic acid or fragment(s) thereof that substantially retains the capacity of encoding an SBEII polypeptide of the invention, but the encoded SBEII polypeptide has reduced activity.

The term “fragment,” as used herein, refers to a polynucleotide sequence, (e.g, a PCR fragment) which is an isolated portion of the subject nucleic acid constructed artificially (e.g., by chemical synthesis) or by cleaving a natural product into multiple pieces, using restriction endonucleases or mechanical shearing, or a portion of a nucleic acid synthesized by PCR, DNA polymerase or any other polymerizing technique well known in the art, or expressed in a host cell by recombinant nucleic acid technology well known to one of skill in the art.

With reference to polynucleotides of the invention, the term “isolated polynucleotide” is sometimes used. This term, when applied to DNA, refers to a DNA molecule that is separated from sequences with which it is immediately contiguous (in the 5′ and 3′ directions) in the naturally occurring genome of the organism from which it was derived. For example, the “isolated polynucleotide” may comprise a PCR fragment. In another embodiment, the “isolated polynucleotide” may comprise a DNA molecule inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or virus vector, or integrated into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. An “isolated polynucleotide molecule” may also comprise a cDNA molecule.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to non-transgenic mutations in one or more SBEII genes. In another embodiment, the invention describes wheat plants exhibiting seeds with increased amylose content and increased resistant starch levels compared to wild type wheat seeds, without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the wheat plants' genomes.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a series of independent human-induced non-transgenic mutations in one or more SBEII genes; wheat plants having one or more of these mutations in at least one SBEII gene thereof, and a method of creating and identifying similar and/or additional mutations in at least one SBEII gene of wheat. Additionally, the invention relates to wheat plants exhibiting seed with increased amylose and resistant starch content compared to wild type wheat seed, without the inclusion of foreign nucleic acids in the plants' genomes.

SBEII Mutations

A. SBEII Genes

In one embodiment, the invention relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene. In another embodiment, the SBEII gene may contain one or more non-transgenic mutations recited in Tables 1-6 and 8-12 and corresponding mutations in homoeologues and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention comprises corresponding mutations to the one or more non-transgenic mutations disclosed herein in the SBEII gene in a corresponding homoeologue. By way of example, an identified mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome may be a beneficial mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the B and/or D genome. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the mutation in the homoeologue may not be in the exact location.

One of ordinary skill in the art understands there is natural variation in the genetic sequences of the SBEII genes in different wheat varieties. The degree of sequence identity between homologous SBEIIa genes or the proteins is believed to be about 90%. This is true for SBEIIb genes and proteins as well.

The inventors have determined that to achieve a high amylose phenotype in wheat plants, mutations that reduce SBEII gene function are desirable. Preferred mutations include missense and nonsense changes, including mutations that prematurely truncate the translation of one or more SBEII proteins from messenger RNA, such as those mutations that create a stop codon within the coding region of an SBEII messenger RNA. Such mutations include insertions, repeat sequences, splice junction mutations, modified open reading frames (ORFs) and point mutations.

1. SBEIIa Genes

In another embodiment, the invention relates to one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene. In one embodiment, the invention relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome. In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome. In yet another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa genes of the A and B genomes. In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa genes of the A and D genomes. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa genes of the B and D genomes. In yet another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIa genes of the A, B, and D genomes.

In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the D genome.

The following mutations are exemplary of the mutations created and identified according to various embodiments of the invention. SEQ ID NOs 1-6 are reference sequences for SBEIIa. SEQ ID NOs 7-12 are reference sequences for SBEIIb.

The following mutations identified in Tables 1-6 are exemplary of the mutations created and identified according to various embodiments of the invention. They are offered by way of illustration, not limitation. It is to be understood that the mutations below are merely exemplary and that similar mutations are also contemplated.

The nomenclature used in Tables 1-6 and 8-12 indicates the wild type nucleotide or amino acid, followed by its position according to the referenced sequence, followed by the changed nucleotide or amino acid (A.A.) at that position using standard genetic code terminology. An asterisk is used to designate a stop codon, also called a truncation mutation.

One exemplary mutation is G5267A, resulting in a change from guanine to adenine at nucleotide position 5267 identified according to its position in the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. This mutation results in a change from tryptophan to a stop mutation at amino acid position 436 identified according to its position in the expressed protein (SEQ ID NO: 2).

TABLE 1 Examples of mutations created and identified in SBEIIa in the A genome of wheat plants. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2, respectively. Primer Nucleotide A.A. Variety SEQ IDs. Mutation Mutation PSSM SIFT Express 13, 14 C538T V51= Express 13, 14 G586A E67= Express 13, 14 C605T P74S 0.89 Express 13, 14 G608A A75T 0.67 Express 13, 14 C644T Intron Express 13, 14 G648A Intron Express 13, 14 C853T Intron Express 13, 14 G951A G97= Express 13, 14 G952A G98R 0.44 Express 13, 14 G1036A E126K 0.86 Express 13, 14 G1059A P133= Express 15, 16 C2384T Intron Express 15, 16 C2384T Intron Express 15, 16 C2394T Intron Express 15, 16 G2574A Intron Express 15, 16 G2582A Splice Junction Express 15, 16 G2592A D260N 10.4 0.3 Express 15, 16 G2605A G264D 22 0 Express 15, 16 G2612A K266= Express 15, 16 G2625A A271T 10.8 0.04 Express 15, 16 C2664T P284S 20.3 0.01 Express 15, 16 G2674A G287D 19.4 0 Express 15, 16 C2857T Intron Express 15, 16 C2861T Intron Express 15, 16 C2921T Intron Express 15, 16 G2990A E296K 0.03 Express 15, 16 C3004T F300= Express 15, 16 G3039A R312K 8.2 0.08 Express 15, 16 A3155T Intron Express 17, 18 C5164T Intron Express 17, 18 C5164T Intron Express 17, 18 G5196A G413S 13.8 0 Kronos 17, 18 G5239A G427D 6.6 0.09 Kronos 17, 18 C5256T H433Y 22.3 0 Express 17, 18 G5267A W436* Kronos 17, 18 G5267A W436* Express 17, 18 G5268A D437N 7.9 0.04 Express 17, 18 G5268A D437N 7.9 0.04 Kronos 17, 18 G5268A D437N 7.9 0.04 Express 17, 18 G5289A G444R 19 0 Kronos 17, 18 G5289A G444R 19 0 Express 17, 18 G5298A E447K 8.9 0.02 Express 17, 18 G5301A Splice Junction Express 17, 18 G5301A Splice Junction Express 17, 18 G5305A Intron Kronos 17, 18 G5308A Intron Express 17, 18 C5315T Intron Express 17, 18 C5315T Intron Express 17, 18 C5315T Intron Express 17, 18 C5324T Intron Kronos 17, 18 C5325T Intron Kronos 17, 18 G5332A Intron Express 17, 18 G5386A Intron Express 17, 18 C5405T L453= Express 17, 18 C5405T L453= Express 17, 18 G5418A R457K 18.3 0.01 Express 17, 18 G5422A W458* Kronos 17, 18 G5429A E461K 17.1 0.01 Kronos 17, 18 G5429A E461K 17.1 0.01 Express 17, 18 G5432A E462K 17.6 0.01 Express 17, 18 G5432A E462K 17.6 0.01 Express 17, 18 G5448A G467E 27.1 0 Express 17, 18 G5463A G472E 27.1 0 Express 17, 18 G5463A G472E 27.1 0 Express 17, 18 G5463A G472E 27.1 0 Express 17, 18 G5464A G472= Express 17, 18 G5465A V473M 17.1 0 Express 17, 18 C5470T T474= Kronos 17, 18 C5470T T474= Express 17, 18 C5484T T479I 10.3 0.4 Kronos 17, 18 G5493A G482E 27.1 0 Kronos 17, 18 G5522A Intron Express 17, 18 G5534A Intron Express 17, 18 G5655A Intron Express 17, 18 C5712T T488I 16.9 0 Express 17, 18 C5712T T488I 16.9 0 Express 17, 18 C5719T N490= Express 17, 18 G5736A G496E 22.1 0 Express 17, 18 C5745T T499I 15.8 0.02 Express 17, 18 G5753A D502N 17.1 0.01 Express 17, 18 G5756A A503T 19.8 0 Express 17, 18 C5757T A503V 19.2 0 Express 17, 18 G5783A D512N 7.8 0.18 Kronos 17, 18 C5801T H518Y −8.3 1 Express 17, 18 C5804T P519S 26.7 0 Express 17, 18 C5811T A521V 6.3 0.21 Express 17, 18 C5811T A521V 6.3 0.21 Express 17, 18 G5831A Splice Junction Express 17, 18 G5852A Intron Express 17, 18 C5921T Intron Express 17, 18 G5956A Intron Express 17, 18 G5956A Intron

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene in the A genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 1 codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 1 codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 2.

Examples of mutations created and identified in SBEIIa in the B genome of wheat plants are provided in Table 2. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4, respectively.

TABLE 2 Representative mutations in the SBEIIa gene in the B genome Primer Nucleotide A.A. Variety SEQ IDs. Mutation Mutation PSSM SIFT Express 23, 24 C4792T Intron Express 23, 24 G4830A Intron Express 23, 24 C4878T Intron Kronos 23, 24 C4881T Intron Express 23, 24 C4937T Intron Express 23, 24 C4960T T410I 4.8 0.25 Express 23, 24 C4960A T410N 13.9 0.02 Express 23, 24 C4961T T410= Express 23, 24 G4978A G416D 14.5 0.73 Express 23, 24 G4987A G419D 16.8 0.01 Express 23, 24 G4987A G419D 16.8 0.01 Express 23, 24 C4990T T420I 21.4 0 Express 23, 24 C4998T H423Y 15.5 0.59 Express 23, 24 C5006T F425= Kronos 23, 24 G5011A G427D −0.4 0.5 Express 23, 24 C5017T P429L 14.1 0.11 Express 23, 24 G5020A R430H 21.4 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5020A R430H 21.4 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5020A R430H 21.4 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5020A R430H 21.4 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5022A G431S 25.2 0 Kronos 23, 24 C5025T H432Y −3.6 1 Express 23, 24 G5032A W434* Kronos 23, 24 G5033A W434* Express 23, 24 G5036A M435I 15 0.03 Express 23, 24 G5038A W436* Express 23, 24 G5038A W436* Kronos 23, 24 G5040A D437N 19.9 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5040A D437N 19.9 0.01 Express 23, 24 C5044T S438F 12.1 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5062A G444E 17 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5062A G444E 17 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5062A G444E 17 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5063A G444= Kronos 23, 24 G5065A S445N −4.7 1 Express 23, 24 G5068A W446* Express 23, 24 G5069A W446* Express 23, 24 G5069A W446* Kronos 23, 24 G5069A W446* Express 23, 24 G5069A W446* Express 23, 24 G5069A W446* Express 23, 24 G5069A W446* Express 23, 24 G5070A E447K 9.3 0.02 Express 23, 24 G5070A E447K 9.3 0.02 Kronos 23, 24 G5073A Splice Junction Kronos 23, 24 G5080A Intron Express 23, 24 C5081T Intron Express 23, 24 G5083A Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5087T Intron Express 23, 24 C5090T Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5090T Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5090T Intron Express 23, 24 C5090T Intron Express 23, 24 G5092A Intron Kronos 23, 24 G5105A Intron Express 23, 24 G5112A Intron Kronos 23, 24 G5112A Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5129T Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5129T Intron Express 23, 24 C5158T Intron Express 23, 24 G5160A Splice Junction Express 23, 24 G5161A V448I 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5161A V448I 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5161A V448I 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5168A R450K 19 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5168A R450K 19 0.01 Kronos 23, 24 G5168A R450K 19 0.01 Express 23, 24 C5172T F451= Express 23, 24 G5185A A456T 13.3 0.11 Express 23, 24 G5185A A456T 13.3 0.11 Kronos 23, 24 G5189A R457K 19 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5193A W458* Express 23, 24 C5197T L460F 11.7 0.02 Express 23, 24 G5200A E461K 18.3 0.01 Kronos 23, 24 G5203A E462K 18.3 0 Express 23, 24 G5203A E462K 18.3 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5211A K464= Kronos 23, 24 G5211A K464= Express 23, 24 G5219A G467E 27.7 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5219A G467E 27.7 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5219A G467E 27.7 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5219A G467E 27.7 0 Kronos 23, 24 T5223C F468= Express 23, 24 C5224T R469* Kronos 23, 24 G5233A G472R 27.3 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5234A G472E 27.7 0 Kronos 23, 24 G5234A G472E 27.7 0 Express 23, 24 G5234A G472E 27.7 0 Kronos 23, 24 C5240T T474I 21.9 0 Kronos 23, 24 C5244T S475= Express 23, 24 C5255T T479I 9.8 0.55 Express 23, 24 G5264A G482E 27.7 0 Express 23, 24 G5272A Splice Junction Express 23, 24 G5272A Splice Junction Kronos 23, 24 G5272A Splice Junction Kronos 23, 24 G5276A Intron Express 23, 24 G5284A Intron Express 23, 24 G5286A Intron Express 23, 24 G5287A Intron Kronos 23, 24 G5287A Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5297T Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5297T Intron Kronos 23, 24 G5306A Intron Express 23, 24 C5330T Intron Express 23, 24 G5338A Intron Express 23, 24 G5350A Intron Express 23, 24 G5350A Intron Express 23, 24 C5353T Intron Express 23, 24 G5364A Intron Express 23, 24 G5364A Intron Express 23, 24 G5372A Intron Express 23, 24 G5372A Intron Express 23, 24 C5379T Intron Express 23, 24 C5395T Intron Express 23, 24 G5409A Intron Express 23, 24 G5421A Intron Express 23, 24 C5448T Intron Express 23, 24 T5450C Intron Kronos 23, 24 C5469T Intron Express 23, 24 G5472A Splice Junction Express 23, 24 G5475A M485I 0.18 Express 23, 24 G5495A G492D −0.8 0.39 Express 23, 24 T5522A V501D 8.3 0.08 Express 23, 24 C5528A A503E 19.9 0 Express 23, 24 G5530A V504M 7.8 0.04 Express 23, 24 C5553T N511= Express 23, 24 G5566A G516R 5.2 0.32 Express 23, 24 C5575T P519S 17.4 0.02 Kronos 23, 24 C5582T A521V 4.8 0.33 Kronos 23, 24 C5582T A521V 4.8 0.33 Express 23, 24 C5589T S523= Express 23, 24 G5606A Intron Express 23, 24 G5646A Intron Express 23, 24 C5662T Intron Express 23, 24 C5662T Intron Express 23, 24 G5675A Intron Express 23, 24 G5675A Intron Express 23, 24 G5835A Intron Express 23, 24 C4960T T410I 4.8 0.25 Express 23, 24 G4987A G419D 16.8 0.01 Express 23, 24 G5185A A456T 13.3 0.11 Express 23, 24 C5243T S475F 26.4 0 Express 23, 24 C5255T T479I 9.8 0.55 Express 21, 22 G2386A G233D 0 Express 21, 22 G2456A K256= Express 21, 22 G2464A Intron Express 21, 22 G2483A Intron Express 21, 22 C2509T Intron Express 21, 22 C2518T Intron Express 21, 22 G2606A A279T 3.1 0.14 Express 21, 22 C2610T P280L 5.1 0.47 Express 21, 22 G2613A G281D 2.7 0.36 Express 21, 22 G2613A G281D 2.7 0.36 Express 21, 22 C2648T P293S 0.08 Express 21, 22 G2661A Intron Express 21, 22 G2661A Intron Express 21, 22 G2689A Intron Express 21, 22 G2945A Splice Junction Express 21, 22 C2967T P303S 8.4 0.17 Express 21, 22 C2967T P303S 8.4 0.17 Express 21, 22 G2456A K256= Express 21, 22 C2518T Intron Express 21, 22 G2606A A279T 3.1 0.14 Express 21, 22 G2606A A279T 3.1 0.14 Express 21, 22 C2648T P293S 0.08 Express 21, 22 G2661A Intron Express 21, 22 C2967T P303S 8.4 0.17

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene in the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 3. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 3.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 2 codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4. In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 4.

Examples of mutations created and identified in SBEIIa in the D genome of wheat plants are provided in Table 3. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6, respectively.

TABLE 3 Representative mutations in SBEIIa gene in the D genome Primer Nucleotide A.A. Variety SEQ IDs. Mutation Mutation PSSM SIFT Express 25, 26 C1708T P60S 13.4 0.03 Express 25, 26 G1721A S64N −16.8 0.76 Express 25, 26 G1753A E75K 0.74 Express 25, 26 G1753A E75K 0.74 Express 25, 26 G1761A Q77= Express 25, 26 G1761A Q77= Express 25, 26 G1762A Splice Junction Express 25, 26 G1762A Splice Junction Express 25, 26 G1780A Intron Express 25, 26 G1962A Intron Express 25, 26 G2037A Splice Junction Express 25, 26 G1962A Intron Express 25, 26 G2037A Splice Junction Express 25, 26 C1999T Intron Express 25, 26 G2185A E127K 0.79 Express 25, 26 C1999T Intron Express 25, 26 C2011T Intron Express 25, 26 C2028T Intron Express 25, 26 C2028T Intron Express 25, 26 C2032T Intron Express 25, 26 G2065A A87T 0.59 Express 25, 26 G2065A A87T 0.59 Express 25, 26 G2065A A87T 0.59 Express 25, 26 G2079A M91I 0.76 Express 25, 26 G2086A G94R 0.15 Express 25, 26 G2087A G94E 0.43 Express 25, 26 G2126A G107D 0.53 Express 25, 26 G2131A V109M 0.14 Express 25, 26 G2134A E110K 0.64 Express 25, 26 G2149A G115S 0.37 Express 25, 26 G2149A G115S 0.37 Express 25, 26 G2183A G126E 1 Express 25, 26 G2187A E127= Express 25, 26 G2220A G138= Express 25, 26 C2266T H154Y 16.9 0.03 Express 25, 26 C2286T Intron Express 25, 26 C2303T Intron Express 27, 28 C3589T S242= Express 27, 28 C3602T H247Y 23.2 0 Express 27, 28 C3607A G248= Express 27, 28 C3611G R250G 16 0.01 Express 27, 28 G3649A Intron Express 27, 28 G3677A Intron Express 27, 28 G3677A Intron Express 27, 28 C3743T S266F 16.9 0 Express 27, 28 C3753T I269= Express 27, 28 C3772T P276S 9.5 0.35 Express 27, 28 G3793A G283S 10.9 0.08 Express 27, 28 G3794A G283D 16.3 0.01 Express 27, 28 G3824A Intron Express 27, 28 G4083A Intron Express 27, 28 C4119T F296= Express 27, 28 C4126T P299S 9 0.15 Express 27, 28 C4127T P299L 18.1 0.01 Express 29, 30 G4818A E320K 7.9 0.11 Express 29, 30 G4839A A327T 9.2 0.24 Express 29, 30 G4850A R330= Express 29, 30 G4850A R330− Express 29, 30 G4851A D331N 13 0.02 Express 29, 30 G4939A G360E 24.5 0 Express 29, 30 C5118T Y361= Express 29, 30 G5144A S370N 22.9 0 Express 29, 30 G5156A G374E 24.5 0 Express 29, 30 G5156A G374E 24.5 0 Express 29, 30 G5166A E377= Express 29, 30 C5169T D378= Express 29, 30 G5204A G390D 22.8 0 Express 29, 30 G5258A Intron Express 29, 30 C5267T Intron Express 29, 30 C5275T Intron Express 29, 30 G5299A Intron Express 31, 32 G6793A A499T 18.7 0 Express 31, 32 C6163T Intron Express 31, 32 G6793A A499T 18.7 0 Express 31, 32 C6163T Intron Express 31, 32 G6793A A499T 18.7 0 Express 31, 32 C6163T Intron Express 31, 32 G6174A Intron Express 31, 32 C6183T Intron Express 31, 32 C6227T T406= Express 31, 32 G6258A D417N 6.8 0.15 Express 31, 32 G6258A D417N 6.8 0.15 Express 31, 32 C6275T H422= Express 31, 32 G6277A G423D 0.6 0.45 Express 31, 32 G6277A G423D 0.6 0.45 Express 31, 32 G6286A R426H 21.5 0 Express 31, 32 G6286A R426H 21.5 0 Express 31, 32 G6305A W432* Express 31, 32 G6306A D433N 20.1 0.01 Express 31, 32 G6306A D433N 20.1 0.01 Express 31, 32 C6320T F437= Express 31, 32 G6327A G440R 17.2 0 Express 31, 32 G6328A G440E 17.3 0 Express 31, 32 G6329A G440= Express 31, 32 G6335A W442* Express 31, 32 G6336A E443K 9.4 0.02 Express 31, 32 C6418T Intron Express 31, 32 G6426A Splice Junction Express 31, 32 C6442T L449= Express 31, 32 C6442T L449= Express 31, 32 G6451A A452T 13.2 0.08 Express 31, 32 G6459A W454* Express 31, 32 C6463T L456F 11.6 0.02 Express 31, 32 G6496A D467N 23.2 0 Express 31, 32 C6525T H476= Express 31, 32 C6526T H477Y 21.5 0 Express 31, 32 G6538A Splice Junction Express 31, 32 G6761A G488D −0.9 0.32 Express 31, 32 G6761A G488D −0.9 0.32 Express 31, 32 G6793A A499T 18.7 0 Express 31, 32 G6796A V500I 5.8 0.15 Express 31, 32 G6844A D516N 1.2 0.42 Express 31, 32 C6854T S519F 11.1 0 Express 31, 32 G6860A G521D 15.5 0 Express 31, 32 G6860A G521D 15.5 0 Express 31, 32 G6862A E522K 20.2 0 Express 31, 32 G6881A Intron Express 31, 32 C6898T Intron

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene of the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 5. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 5.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 3 codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 3 codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 6.

2. SBEIIb Genes

In another embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the invention relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIb gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome. In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb gene of the D genome. In yet another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb genes of the A and B genomes. In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb genes of the A and D genomes. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb genes of the B and D genomes. In yet another embodiment, one or more mutations are in the SBEIIb genes of the A, B, and D genomes.

In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene in the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, one or more non-transgenic mutations are in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene in the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome.

Examples of mutations created and identified in SBEIIb in the A genome of wheat plants are provided in Table 4. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively.

TABLE 4 Representative Mutations in SBEIIb in the A genome Primer Nucleotide A.A. Variety SEQ IDs. Mutation Mutation PSSM SIFT Express 33, 34 G211A Intron Express 33, 34 G278A W59* Express 33, 34 G298A G66D 6.1 0.03 Express 33, 34 G310A G70E 2.1 0.83 Express 33, 34 G310A G70E 2.1 0.83 Express 33, 34 C437T Intron Express 33, 34 G485A Intron Express 33, 34 G547A V99I 0.84 Express 33, 34 G565A E105K 0.11 Express 33, 34 G678A T142= Express 33, 34 G680A G143E 1 Express 33, 34 G709A G153R 8.6 0.03 Express 33, 34 C739T P163S 10.2 0.09 Express 33, 34 C743T T164M −3.4 0.21 Express 33, 34 G769A E173K −4.1 0.56 Express 35, 36 G1237A E201K 16.7 0.21 Express 35, 36 C1307T Intron Express 35, 36 C1319T Intron Express 35, 36 C1322T Intron Express 35, 36 G1341A G211S 14.9 0.02 Express 35, 36 G1356A E216K 22.3 0 Express 35, 36 C1857T Intron Express 37, 38 C2021T Intron Express 37, 38 C2021T Intron Express 35, 36 G2031A Intron Express 37, 38 C2072T Intron Express 37, 38 C2124T S259L 0.03 Express 37, 38 C2126T P260S 0.23 Express 37, 38 G2142A G265D 3.6 0.17 Express 37, 38 G2142A G265D 3.6 0.17 Express 37, 38 G2142A G265D 3.6 0.17 Express 37, 38 G2156A Splice Junction Express 37, 38 C2169T Intron Express 37, 38 C2174T Intron Express 37, 38 G2244A G273S 0.6 0.31 Express 37, 38 G2245A G273D −9.5 1 Express 37, 38 C2250T P275S 11.4 0.13 Express 37, 38 G2282A W285* Express 37, 38 G2282A W285* Express 37, 38 G2282A W285* Express 37, 38 C2293T S289F 8.4 0.02 Express 37, 38 C2340T P305S 15.8 0 Express 37, 38 C2344T P306L 17.3 0 Express 37, 38 C2344T P306L 17.3 0 Express 37, 38 G2349A E308K 0.07 Express 37, 38 A2441T Intron Express 37, 38 C2484T Intron Express 37, 38 G2525A Intron Express 37, 38 G2535A E309K 0.03 Express 37, 38 G2540A K310= Express 37, 38 C2556T P316S 11.5 0.07 Express 37, 38 C2606T G332= Express 37, 38 C2606T G332= Express 37, 38 C2617T P336L 18.2 0.01 Express 37, 38 C2642T Intron Express 37, 38 G2697A Intron

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 4 codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 4 codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 8.

Examples of mutations created and identified in SBEIIb in the B genome of wheat plants are provided in Table 5. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10, respectively.

TABLE 5 Representative mutations in the SBEIIb gene in the B genome Primer Nucleotide A.A. Variety SEQ IDs. Mutation Mutation PSSM SIFT Express 41, 42 G371A G58R 0.26 Express 41, 42 C422T P75S 20.4 0.02 Express 41, 42 G435A S79N 0.31 Express 41, 42 C1033T Intron Express 41, 42 C1102T Intron Express 41, 42 C1102T Intron Express 41, 42 G1209A D129N 0.48 Express 41, 42 C1246T S141F 0.07 Express 41, 42 G1254A E144K 0.91 Express 43, 44 G1916A S208N Express 43, 44 C2196T Intron Express 43, 44 C2206T Intron Express 43, 44 G2221A A225T 6.9 0.21 Express 45, 46 C2669T Intron Express 45, 46 C2776T P260S 10.4 0.21 Express 45, 46 C2786T P263L 25.5 0.00 Express 45, 46 C2786T P263L 25.5 0.00 Express 45, 46 C2919T S281L 9.9 0.09 Express 45, 46 C2786T P263L 25.5 0.00 Express 45, 46 G3216A K319= Express 45, 46 C3232T R325W 27.3 0.00 Express 45, 46 G3260A S334N 21.8 0.00 Express 47, 48 C3478T Intron Express 47, 48 G3519A Intron Express 47, 48 G3678A Intron Express 47, 48 G3814A Intron Express 47, 48 C3884T Intron Express 47, 48 C3993T L357F 8.5 0.11 Express 47, 48 G4087A Intron Express 47, 48 C4419T Intron Express 47, 48 G4280A Intron Express 47, 48 C4298T Intron Express 47, 48 C4374T Intron Express 47, 48 C4374T Intron Express 47, 48 C4422T Intron Express 47, 48 C4489T Intron

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 9. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 990/similar to SEQ ID NO: 9.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 5 codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 890, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. Instill another embodiment, the SBEIIb protein with one or more non-transgenic mutations is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 10.

Examples of mutations created and identified in SBEIIb in the D genome of wheat plants are provided in Table 6. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are identified according to their positions in SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12, respectively.

TABLE 6 Representative mutations in SBEIIb in the D genome Primer Nucleotide A.A. Variety SEQ IDs. Mutation Mutation PSSM SIFT Express 49, 50 G1691A G58E 0.76 Express 49, 50 C1742T P75L 17 0.01 Express 49, 50 A1753G S79G 8.8 0.17 Express 49, 50 T1770C P84= Express 49, 50 C1784T P89L 0.28 Express 49, 50 C1831T Intron Express 49, 50 G1840A Intron Express 49, 50 C1844T Intron Express 49, 50 C1844T Intron Express 49, 50 C2438T Intron Express 49, 50 C2438T Intron Express 49, 50 C2463T Intron Express 49, 50 C2479T P100S 0.32 Express 49, 50 T2511A D110E 0.98 Express 49, 50 C2548T Q123* Express 49, 50 G2575A D132N 0.39 Express 49, 50 G2649A Q156= Express 49, 50 C2672T T164M −5.3 0.46 Express 49, 50 C2676T L165= Express 51, 52 C3142T Intron Express 51, 52 C3146T Intron Express 51, 52 G3159A Intron Express 51, 52 G3185A R180K 1 Express 51, 52 G3188A R181K 0.81 Express 51, 52 G3226A D194N 7 0.07 Express 51, 52 G3226A D194N 7 0.07 Express 51, 52 G3226A D194N 7 0.07 Express 51, 52 G3229A V195I 5.1 0.13 Express 51, 52 C3237T S197= Express 51, 52 C3246T Y200= Express 51, 52 G3266A R207H 8.9 0.52 Express 51, 52 G3270A Splice Junction Express 51, 52 C3279T Intron Express 51, 52 C3292T Intron Express 51, 52 C3303T Intron Express 51, 52 C3318T Intron Express 51, 52 C3330T Intron Express 51, 52 C3332T Intron Express 51, 52 G3345A A209T 5.3 0.49 Express 51, 52 G3345A A209T 5.3 0.49 Express 51, 52 C3346T A209V 9.8 0.25 Express 51, 52 C3346T A209V 9.8 0.25 Express 51, 52 C3346T A209V 9.8 0.25 Express 51, 52 G3364A R215Q 17.7 0.01 Express 51, 52 C3410T Intron Express 51, 52 C3410T Intron Express 51, 52 C3416T Intron Express 51, 52 G3571A A224T 16.7 0.01 Express 51, 52 G3599A W233* Express 51, 52 G3628A Splice Junction Express 51, 52 C3662T Intron Express 51, 52 C3662T Intron Express 53, 54 C4138T G265= Express 53, 54 C4060T Intron Express 53, 54 G4080A G246D 0 Express 53, 54 C4124T P261S 0.07 Express 53, 54 C4142T R267W 18 0 Express 53, 54 G4144A R267= Express 53, 54 C4159T Intron Express 53, 54 C4197A Intron Express 53, 54 C4213T Intron Express 53, 54 G4229A Splice Junction Express 53, 54 G4229A Splice Junction Express 53, 54 C4246T P275L 16.1 0.05 Express 53, 54 C4246T P275L 16.1 0.05 Express 53, 54 G4260A D280N 15.8 0.07 Express 53, 54 C4280T I286= Express 53, 54 G4290A V290M 13.3 0.01 Express 53, 54 C4299T P293S 8.1 0.29 Express 53, 54 G4303A G294E 4 0.25 Express 53, 54 C4311T P297S 17.3 0.07 Express 53, 54 G4347A Splice Junction Express 53, 54 C4361T Intron Express 53, 54 G4515A Intron Express 53, 54 C4546T P316S 9.2 0.13 Express 53, 54 C4546T P316S 9.2 0.13 Express 53, 54 C4546T P316S 9.2 0.13 Express 53, 54 C4546T P316S 9.2 0.13 Express 53, 54 C4547T P316L 18.1 0.01 Express 53, 54 C4573T R325W 22.1 0 Express 53, 54 C4605T S335= Express 53, 54 G4609A Splice Junction Express 53, 54 G4609A Splice Junction Express 53, 54 C4618T Intron Express 57, 58 C7427T D425= Express 57, 58 C7450T T433M 12.8 0 Express 57, 58 G7471A G440D 2.1 0.26 Express 57, 58 C7488T H446Y 23.3 0 Express 57, 58 C7506T R452C 25.4 0 Express 57, 58 C7506T R452C 25.4 0 Express 57, 58 G7537A Intron Express 57, 58 C7597T Intron Express 57, 58 G7635A R463= Express 57, 58 G7655A R470K 13.6 0.05 Express 57, 58 G7669A E475K 17.2 0 Express 57, 58 G7685A G480D 26 0 Express 57, 58 C7689T F481= Express 57, 58 G7700A G485D 26 0 Express 57, 58 G7702A A486T 5.3 0 Express 57, 58 C7758T Intron Express 57, 58 C7886T Intron Express 57, 58 G7897A V498I 0.13 Express 57, 58 C7917T Y504= Express 57, 58 C7952T A516V 18.5 0 Express 57, 58 G7968A M521I 18.9 0 Express 57, 58 G8056A Intron

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 11. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In yet another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 11.

In still another embodiment, the polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutation listed in Table 6 codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In still another embodiment, the SBEIIb protein with one or more non-transgenic mutations is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% similar to SEQ ID NO: 12.

3. Mutations in Both SBEIIa and SBEIIb Genes

In one embodiment, the invention relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations and multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIb gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the A genome. In one embodiment, the invention relates to multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations and multiple non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIb gene including but not limited to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations.

In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the B genome. In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the D genome. In yet another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the A and B genomes. In still another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the A and D genomes. In another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the B and D genomes. In yet another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the A, B, and D genomes. In yet another embodiment, one or more mutations are in each of the SBEIIa genes of the A, B, and D genomes and additional mutations are in more or more of the SBEIIb genes of the A, B, and D genomes.

B. SBEII Proteins

Starch is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin, both of which are Glc polymers. Amylose is a mostly linear polymer of 200 to 2000 α-1,4-bonded Glc moieties with rare α-1,6 branch points (for reviews, see Martin and Smith, 1995; Ball et al., 1996). Amylopectin is highly α-1,6-branched, with a complex structure of 10⁶ to 10⁸ M_(r) and up to 3×10⁶ Glc subunits, making it one of the largest biological molecules in nature.

In the plant, starch is deposited as starch granules in chloroplasts of photosynthetic tissues or in amyloplasts of endosperm, embryos, tubers, and roots. In most plants, starch consists of 20% to 30% amylose and 70% to 80% amylopectin. In photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues the Glc moiety of ADP-Glc is incorporated in the growing amylose polymer with the help of starch synthases. The formation of α-1,6 linkages in amylopectin is catalyzed by SBEs.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene (as discussed above in the section entitled SBEII Mutations) that result in an SBEII protein with one or more mutations as compared to wild type SBEII protein. In one embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations include but are not limited to the mutations recited in Tables 1-6 and 8-12, corresponding mutations in homoeologues, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene that inhibits production of the SBEII protein. In some embodiments, a mutation in the SBEII gene inhibits expression of the SBEII protein. In other embodiments, a mutation in the SBEII gene creates an unstable or reduced function SBEII protein.

In another embodiment, the expression level of SBEII protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type SBEII protein.

In yet another embodiment, the expression level of SBEIIa protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type SBEIIa protein.

In still another embodiment, the expression level of SBEIIb protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, and 95-99% of the expression level of the wild type SBEIIb protein.

In yet another embodiment, the activity of the SBEII protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and greater than 99% of the activity level of the wild type SBEII protein. In another embodiment, the SBEII protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein has no activity or zero activity as compared to wild type SBEII protein.

In still another embodiment, the activity of the SBEIIa protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and greater than 99% of the activity level of the wild type SBEIIa protein. In another embodiment, the SBEIIa protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein has no activity or zero activity as compared to wild type SBEIIa protein.

In yet another embodiment, the activity of the SBEIIb protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein is reduced to 0-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 86, 97, 98, 99% and greater than 99% of the activity level of the wild type SBEIIb protein. In another embodiment, the SBEIIb protein with one or more mutations disclosed herein has no activity or zero activity as compared to wild type SBEIIb protein.

C. Wheat Cultivars

In one embodiment, a wheat cultivar having at least one SBEII gene that is diploid, polyploid, tertraploid, and hexaploid may be used.

In another embodiment, the wheat is Triticum aestivum.

In one embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an SBEII gene. In one embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an SBEIIa gene. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used to create mutations in an SBEIIb gene.

In one embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used as lines to cross SBEII mutations into different cultivars. In still another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used as lines to cross SBEIIa mutations into different cultivars. In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat can be used as lines to cross SBEIIb mutations into different cultivars.

In another embodiment, any cultivar of wheat having at least one SBEII gene may be used including but not limited to hard red spring wheat, hard white wheat, durum wheat, soft white spring wheat, soft white winter wheat, hard red winter wheat, common wheat, splelt wheat, emmer wheat, pasta wheat and turgidum wheat.

In one embodiment, hard red spring wheat includes but is not limited to Bullseye, Cabernet, Cal Rojo, Hank, Joaquin, Kelse, Lariat, Lassik, Malbec, Mika, PR 1404, Redwing, Summit 515, SY 314, Triple IV, Ultra, WB-Patron, WB-Rockland, Yecora Rojo, Accord, Aim, Anza, Baker, Beth Hashita, Bonus, Borah, Brim, Brooks, Buck Pronto, Butte 86, Cavalier, Challenger, Chief, Ciano T79, Colusa, Companion, Copper, Cuyama, Dash 12, Eldon, Enano, Express, Expresso, Jefferson, Genero F81, Grandin, Helena 554, Hollis, Imuris T79, Inia 66R, Jerome, Kern, Len, Marshall, McKay, Nomad, Northwest 10, Oslo, Pavon F76, Pegasus, Pitic 62, Poco Red, Powell, Probrand 711, Probrand 751, Probrand 771, Probrand 775, Probred, Prointa Queguay, Prointa Quintal, Rich, RSI 5, Sagittario, Scarlet, Serra, Shasta, Solano, Spillman, Sprite, Stander, Stellar, Stoa, Success, Summit, Sunstar 2, Sunstar King, Tadinia, Tammy, Tanori 71, Tara 2000, Tempo, Tesia T79, Topic, UI Winchester, Vance, Vandal, W444, Wampum, Wared, WB-Fuzion, Westbred 906R, Westbred 911, Westbred 926, Westbred 936, Westbred Discovery, Westbred Rambo, Yolo, and Zeke.

In another embodiment, hard white wheat includes but is not limited to Blanca Fuerte, Blanca Grande 515, Blanca Royale, Clear White, Patwin, Patwin 515, WB-Cristallo, WB-Paloma, WB-Perla, Alta Blanca, Blanca Grande, Delano, Golden Spike, ID377S, Klasic, Lochsa, Lolo, Macon, Otis, Phoenix, Pima 77, Plata, Pristine, Ramona 50, Siete Cerros 66, Vaiolet, and Winsome.

In yet another embodiment, durum wheat includes but is not limited to Crown, Desert King, Desert King HP, Duraking, Fortissimo, Havasu, Kronos, Maestrale, Normanno, Orita, Platinum, Q-Max, RSI 59, Saragolla, Tango, Tipai, Topper, Utopia, Volante, WB-Mead, Westmore, Aldente, Aldura, Altar 84, Aruba, Bittern, Bravadur, Candura, Cortez, Deluxe, Desert Titan, Durex, Durfort, Eddie, Germains 5003D, Imperial, Kofa, Levante, Matt, Mead, Mexicali 75, Minos, Modoc, Mohawk, Nudura, Ocotillo, Produra, Reva, Ria, Septre, Sky, Tacna, Titan, Trump, Ward, Westbred 803, Westbred 881, Westbred 883, Westbred 1000D, Westbred Laker, Westbred Turbo, and Yavaros 79.

In another embodiment, soft white spring wheat includes but is not limited to Alpowa, Alturas, Babe, Diva, JD, New Dirkwin, Nick, Twin, Whit, Blanca, Bliss, Calorwa, Centennial, Challis, Dirkwin, Eden, Edwall, Fielder, Fieldwin, Jubilee, Louise, Owens, Penawawa, Pomerelle, Sterling, Sunstar Promise, Super Dirkwin, Treasure, UI Cataldo, UI Pettit, Urquie, Vanna, Waduel, Waduel 94, Wakanz, Walladay, Wawawai, Whitebird, and Zak.

In still another embodiment, soft white winter wheat includes but is not limited to AP Badger, AP Legacy, Brundage 96, Bruneau, Cara, Goetze, Legion, Mary, Skiles, Stephens, SY Ovation, Tubbs, WB-Junction, WB-528, Xerpha, Yamhill, Barbee, Basin, Bitterroot, Bruehl, Castan, Chukar, Coda, Daws, Edwin, Eltan, Faro, Finch, Foote, Gene, Hill 81, Hiller, Hubbard, Hyak, Hyslop, Idaho 587, Kmor, Lambert, Lewjain, MacVicar, Madsen, Malcolm, Masami, McDermid, Moro, Nugaines, ORCF-101, ORCF-102, ORCF-103, Rod, Rohde, Rulo, Simon, Salute, Temple, Tres, Tubbs 06, UICF-Brundage, WB-523, and Weatherford.

In another embodiment, hard red winter wheat includes but is not limited to Andrews, Archer, Batum, Blizzard, Bonneville, Boundary, Declo, Deloris, Finley, Garland, Hatton, Hoff, Longhorn, Manning, Meridian, Promontory, Vona, Wanser, Winridge.

In another embodiment, common wheat (hexaploid, free threshing), Triticum aestivum ssp aestivum includes but is not limited to Sonora, Wit Wolkoring, Chiddam Blanc De Mars, India-Jammu, Foisy.

In still another embodiment, spelt wheat (hexaploid, not free threshing), Triticum aestivum ssp spelta includes but is not limited to Spanish Spelt, Swiss Spelt.

In yet another embodiment, Emmer Wheat (tetraploid), Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum includes but is not limited to Ethiopian Blue Tinge.

In another embodiment, pasta wheat (tetraploid, free threshing), Triticum turgidum ssp durum includes but is not limited to Blue Beard, Durum-Iraq.

In yet another embodiment, turgidum Wheat (tetraploid, free threshing), Triticum turgidum ssp turgidum includes but is not limited to Akmolinka, Maparcha.

In one embodiment, a cultivar of wheat having at least one SBEII gene with substantial percent identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 11 may be used in the invention.

As used herein with regard to the wheat cultivars, “substantial percent identity” means that the DNA sequence of the gene is sufficiently similar to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 at the nucleotide level to code for a substantially similar protein, allowing for allelic differences (or alternate mRNA splicing) between cultivars. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, “substantial percent identity” may be present when the percent identity in the coding region between the SBEII gene and SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11 is as low as about 85%, provided that the percent identity in the conserved regions of the gene is higher (e.g., at least about 90%). Preferably the percent identity in the coding region is 85-90%, more preferably 90-95%, and optimally, it is above 95%. Thus, one of skill in the art may prefer to utilize a wheat cultivar having commercial popularity or one having specific desired characteristics in which to create the SBEII-mutated wheat plants, without deviating from the scope and intent of the present invention. Alternatively, one of skill in the art may prefer to utilize a wheat cultivar having few polymorphisms, such as an in-bred cultivar, in order to facilitate screening for mutations within one or more SBEII genes in accordance with the present invention.

Representative Methodology for Identification of SBEII Mutations

In order to create and identify the SBEII mutations and wheat plants of the invention, a method known as TILLING was utilized. See McCallum et al., Nature Biotechnology 18:455-457, 2000; McCallum et al., Plant Physiology, 123:439-442, 2000; U.S. Publication No. 20040053236; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,075, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In the basic TILLING methodology, plant materials, such as seeds, are subjected to chemical mutagenesis, which creates a series of mutations within the genomes of the seeds' cells. The mutagenized seeds are grown into adult M1 plants and self-pollinated. DNA samples from the resulting M2 plants are pooled and are then screened for mutations in a gene of interest. Once a mutation is identified in a gene of interest, the seeds of the M2 plant carrying that mutation are grown into adult M3 plants and screened for the phenotypic characteristics associated with the gene of interest.

The hexaploid cultivar Express and the tetraploid cultivar Kronos were used.

In one embodiment, seeds from wheat are mutagenized and then grown into M1 plants. The M1 plants are then allowed to self-pollinate and seeds from the M1 plant are grown into M2 plants, which are then screened for mutations in their SBEII loci. While M1 plants can be screened for mutations in accordance with alternative embodiments of the invention, one advantage of screening the M2 plants is that all somatic mutations correspond to germline mutations.

One of skill in the art will understand that a variety of wheat plant materials, including, but not limited to, seeds, pollen, plant tissue or plant cells, may be mutagenized in order to create the SBEII-mutated wheat plants of the invention. However, the type of plant material mutagenized may affect when the plant DNA is screened for mutations. For example, when pollen is subjected to mutagenesis prior to pollination of a non-mutagenized plant, the seeds resulting from that pollination are grown into M1 plants. Every cell of the M1 plants will contain mutations created in the pollen, thus these M1 plants may then be screened for SBEII mutations instead of waiting until the M2 generation.

Mutagens that create primarily point mutations and short deletions (about 1 to about 30 nucleotides), insertions, transversions, and or transitions, such as chemical mutagens or radiation, may be used to create the mutations. Mutagens conforming with the method of the invention include, but are not limited to, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), triethylmelamine (TEM), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), procarbazine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, diethyl sulfate, acrylamide monomer, melphalan, nitrogen mustard, vincristine, dimethylnitrosamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), nitrosoguanidine, 2-aminopurine, 7, 12 dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), ethylene oxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, bisulfan, diepoxyalkanes (diepoxyoctane (DEO), diepoxybutane (BEB), and the like), 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9[3-(ethyl-2-chloro-ethyl)aminopropylamino] acridine dihydrochloride (ICR-170), and formaldehyde. Spontaneous mutations in an SBEII gene that may not have been directly caused by the mutagen can also be identified.

Any suitable method of plant DNA preparation now known or hereafter devised may be used to prepare the wheat plant DNA for SBEIIa and SBEIIb mutation screening. For example, see Chen & Ronald, Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 17:53-57, 1999; Stewart and Via, Bio Techniques 14:748-749, 1993. Additionally, several commercial kits designed for this purpose are available, including kits from Qiagen (Valencia, CA) and Qbiogene (Carlsbad, CA).

In one embodiment, prepared DNA from individual wheat plants are pooled in order to expedite screening for mutations in one or more SBEII genes of the entire population of plants originating from the mutagenized plant tissue. The size of the pooled group may be dependent upon the sensitivity of the screening method used. Preferably, groups of two or more individual wheat plants are pooled.

In another embodiment, after the DNA samples are pooled, the pools are subjected to SBEIIa or SBEIIb sequence-specific amplification techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). For a general overview of PCR, see PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis, Gelfand, Sninsky, and White, eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

Any primer specific to an SBEIIa locus or an SBEIIb locus or the sequences immediately adjacent to one of these loci may be utilized to amplify the SBEII sequences within the pooled DNA sample. Preferably, the primer is designed to amplify the regions of the SBEII locus where useful mutations are most likely to arise. Most preferably, the primer is designed to detect exonic regions of one or more SBEII genes. Additionally, it is preferable for the primer to target known polymorphic sites to design genome specific primers in order to ease screening for point mutations in a particular genome. To facilitate detection of PCR products on a gel, the PCR primer may be labeled using any conventional or hereafter devised labeling method.

In one embodiment, primers are designed based upon the SBEIIa and SBEIIb homoeologs (SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11). Exemplary primers (SEQ ID NOs: 13-58) that have proven useful in identifying useful mutations within the SBEIIa and SBEIIb sequences are shown below in Table 1. These primers are also detailed in the Sequence Listing appended hereto.

TABLE 7 Exemplary Primers SEQ ID NO Region Screened Sequence 13 Sbe2a_A_Exon2-3 ACGGCTTTGATCATCTCCTCCCA 14 Sbe2a_A_Exon2-3 TTTGTCTCTTTGATGTTCCCCAAAT 15 Sbe2a_A_Exon7-9 TATGACCAGAGTATGTCTACAGCTTGGCAAT 16 Sbe2a_A_Exon7-9 TGCATCCTAAGTGGGAAACCCTAACCA 17 Sbe2a_A_Exon12-14 TCAATTTGGATCAGAGGGGATAGTCCA 18 Sbe2a_A_Exon12-14 TGACAAGGTTGCCCATTTCTAATGCAA 19 Sbe2a_B_Exon2-3 GATAGCTGGATTAGGCGATCGCCTCAGG 20 Sbe2a_B_Exon2-3 TTGGTAGAGGAATTAGCAAAGTAAAATCCA 21 Sbe2a_B_Exon7-9 GGTAGAACCTTTTGCATTATGTGTGCTTTTCC 22 Sbe2a_B_Exon7-9 GCTACCTCGAAATGCAATGGAAATCTTAGAGAC 23 Sbe2a_B_Exon12-14 CCAAGGAGGGAGTGAGGAGCTTGACTT 24 Sbe2a_B_Exon12-14 TGTCAGCTTGAATGCCCTTGCACTTCT 25 Sbe2a_D_Exon2-3 GATCGCGCTTCCTGAACCTGTAT 26 Sbe2a_D_Exon2-3 CTCAGACCACGAAGGGATCTGTATG 27 Sbe2a_D_Exon7-9 ATGAATACGTGCAACACTCCCATCTGC 28 Sbe2a_D_Exon7-9 GGAAGCAAAGTTTTGCACTTGCCAATATG 29 Sbe2a_D_Exon10-11 CGTCTCCAGCAAGCCATTTCCTACCTTA 30 Sbe2a_D_Exon10-11 TTTTGCCACTAGTTTTTGCCAATTTTCC 31 Sbe2a_D_Exon12-14 TCAATCAATTTGGATCAGAGGGAACATCA 32 Sbe2a_D_Exon12-14 TAGCAGTGCAGGAATTTAAGTTAAACCACTATTACA 33 Sbe2b_A_Exon2-3 CTCCCATTCTCGTTTATTCGTAGC 34 Sbe2b_A_Exon2-3 GTTCGGTTACCATGTCACCTCAGAGC 35 Sbe2b_A_Exon4-7 GCCAATTGAACAACAATGCCACTTCATT 36 Sbe2b_A_Exon4-7 GAGTACCCATTCGCACCTAGATGT 37 Sbe2b_A_Exon7-9 GCCTGTTGCACGAGCCCATTAATTACT 38 Sbe2b_A_Exon7-9 TTCGAACAAATGGACACCAGCTTTTGAT 39 Sbe2b_A_Exon10-11 TTATATATCAACTTATGAATCCTGAACG 40 Sbe2b_A_Exon10-11 GTAAAGTGTTCTTTTAGCAATTTATACAAAC 41 Sbe2b_B_Exon1-3 GCCTCCTCATTTCGCTCGCGTGGGTTTAAG 42 Sbe2b_B_Exon1-3 AGTGACTATGAACTTCAAGAATTTCGTGATACATCA 43 Sbe2b_B_Exon4-6 CTACAAAAAATTGAACAACGATGCCACTTCAT 44 Sbe2b_B_Exon4-6 CCAACTATATTTACAGCTCAACTCTGG 45 Sbe2b_B_Exon7-9 ACTGATTTTGTTCTTGCAAGACATTCA 46 Sbe2b_B_Exon7-9 CAAATGGACACCAGCTTTTGATGC 47 Sbe2b_B_Exon10-11 AAAGTTAGCTATATGCAGTTTAAGTTAATTTACAGGT 48 Sbe2b_B_Exon10-11 TGTAAGATGTTCTTTCAGCAATTTATACTA 49 Sbe2b_D_Exon2-3 ACGACGCGTGCCGATTCCGTAT 50 Sbe2b_D_Exon2-3 GCCATTCACATCTTATCAAAGACTGTAAATTGTTT 51 Sbe2b_D_Exon4-7 ATCCTACAAAAAATTGAACAACAATGCCACTTTC 52 Sbe2b_D_Exon4-7 ACATGGAGCTACAGTTCAGATGTGC 53 Sbe2b_D_Exon7-9 GCCTGTTGCACGAGCCCATTACTAGAT 54 Sbe2b_D_Exon7-9 GGCAATTACTTGTTTCTTTGTGCAATTACTTGTT 55 Sbe2b_D_Exon10-11 GTTTTGAATGCTCAAGAGAAGTACTAGT 56 Sbe2b_D_Exon10-11 TGTAAGATGTTCTTTCAGCAATTTATACTA 57 Sbe2b_D_Exon12-14 TTATGTCTTGGTCCAAAGCCCCTTTTTG 58 Sbe2b_D_Exon12-14 TCCACGTCAGGAACTTAGACATGCAACTAT

In another embodiment, the PCR amplification products may be screened for SBEII mutations using any method that identifies nucleotide differences between wild type and mutant sequences. These may include, for example, without limitation, sequencing, denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography (dHPLC), constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE), temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE) (see Li et al., Electrophoresis 23(10):1499-1511, 2002), or by fragmentation using enzymatic cleavage, such as used in the high throughput method described by Colbert et al., Plant Physiology 126:480-484, 2001. Preferably, the PCR amplification products are incubated with an endonuclease that preferentially cleaves mismatches in heteroduplexes between wild type and mutant sequences.

In another embodiment, cleavage products are electrophoresed using an automated sequencing gel apparatus, and gel images are analyzed with the aid of a standard commercial image-processing program.

In yet another embodiment, once an M2 plant having a mutated SBEII gene sequence is identified, the mutations are analyzed to determine their effect on the expression, translation, and/or activity of an SBEII enzyme. In one embodiment, the PCR fragment containing the mutation is sequenced, using standard sequencing techniques, in order to determine the exact location of the mutation in relation to the overall SBEII sequence. Each mutation is evaluated in order to predict its impact on protein function (i.e., from completely tolerated to causing loss-of-function) using bioinformatics tools such as SIFT (Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant; Ng and Henikoff, Nucleic Acids Research 31:3812-3814, 2003), PSSM (Position-Specific Scoring Matrix; Henikoff and Henikoff, Computer Applications in the Biosciences 12:135-143, 1996) and PARSESNP (Taylor and Greene, Nucleic Acids Research 31:3808-3811, 2003). For example, a SIFT score that is less than 0.05 and a large change in PSSM score (e.g., roughly 10 or above) indicate a mutation that is likely to have a deleterious effect on protein function. These programs are known to be predictive, and it is understood by those skilled in the art that the predicted outcomes are not always accurate.

In another embodiment, if the initial assessment of a mutation in the M2 plant indicates it to be of a useful nature and in a useful position within an SBEII gene, then further phenotypic analysis of the wheat plant containing that mutation may be pursued. In hexaploid wheat, mutations in each of the A, B and D genomes usually must be combined before a phenotype can be detected. In tetraploid wheat, A and B genome mutations are combined. In addition, the mutation containing plant can be backcrossed or outcrossed two times or more in order to eliminate background mutations at any generation. Then the backcrossed or outcrossed plant can be self-pollinated or crossed in order to create plants that are homozygous for the SBEII mutations.

Several physical characteristics of these homozygous SBEII mutant plants are assessed to determine if the mutation results in a useful phenotypic change in the wheat plant without resulting in undesirable negative effects, such as significantly reduced seed yields.

Methods of Producing a Wheat Plant

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant with increased resistant starch levels. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant with an increased proportion of amylose in the starch.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of out-crossing SBEII gene mutations to wild type wheat. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of out-crossing SBEIIa gene mutations to wild type wheat. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of out-crossing SBEIIb gene mutations to wild type wheat.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant having increased amylose content. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant having reduced activity of one or more SBEII enzymes compared to the wild type wheat plants.

In one embodiment, the method comprises inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an SBEII gene in plant material or plant parts from a parent wheat plant; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; analyzing mutagenized plant material and/or progeny wheat plants to detect at least one mutation in at least one copy of a SBEII gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an SBEII gene.

In another embodiment, the method further comprises crossing progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least one copy of an SBEII gene with other progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in a different copy of an SBEII gene. The process of identifying progeny wheat plants with mutations and crossing said progeny wheat plants with other progeny wheat plants, which have mutations, can be repeated to produce progeny wheat plants with reduced SBEII enzyme activity.

In another embodiment, the level of activity of the SBEII protein in the wheat plant is reduced and selected from the group consisting of 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, 95-99% of the level of activity of the SBEII protein in the wild type plant.

In still another embodiment, the level of activity of the SBEIIa protein in the wheat plant is reduced compared to the wild type plant and is selected from the group consisting of 0-2%, 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, 95-99% of the level of activity of the SBEIIa protein in the wild type plant.

In yet another embodiment, the level of activity of the SBEIIb protein in the wheat plant is reduced and selected from the group consisting of 0-2% 2-5%, 5-7%, 7-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 90-95%, 95-99% of the level of activity of the SBEIIb protein in the wild type plant.

A. Methods of Producing a Wheat Plant with One or More Mutations in the SBEIIa Gene in More than One Genome

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an SBEIIa gene in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises a mutation in an SBEIIa gene; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two copies of an SBEIIa gene.

For example, the parent wheat plant may have a mutation in an SBEIIa gene of the A genome. The selected progeny wheat plants may have a mutation in an SBEIIa gene of the A genome and one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome. This example is provided merely for clarification and should not limit the methods disclosed herein.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an SBEIIa gene in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises at least one mutation in two SBEIIa genes; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in three copies of an SBEIIa gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A, B and D genomes.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first SBEIIa gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a second SBEIIa gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two copies of an SBEIIa gene.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first and second SBEIIa gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a third SBEIIa gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in all three copies of an SBEIIa gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A, B and D genomes.

In another embodiment, the grain of the wheat plant produced according to the methods disclosed herein comprises starch, and the proportion of amylose in the starch is selected from the group consisting of at least 30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, and 60-65% (w/w). In one embodiment, the proportion of amylose in the starch is 47-60% (w/w).

B. Methods of Producing a Wheat Plant with Mutations in the SBEIIb Gene in More than One Genome

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an SBEIIb gene in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises a mutation in an SBEIIb gene; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two copies of an SBEIIb gene.

For example, the parent wheat plant may have a mutation in an SBEIIb gene of the A genome. The selected progeny wheat plants may have a mutation in an SBEIIb gene of the A genome and one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome. This example is provided merely for clarification and should not limit the methods disclosed herein.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an SBEIIb gene in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises at least one mutation in two SBEIIb genes; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in three copies of an SBEIIb gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the SBEIIb gene of the A, B and D genomes.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first SBEIIb gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a second SBEIIb gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two copies of an SBEIIb gene.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first and second SBEIIb gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a third SBEIIb gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in all three copies of an SBEIIb gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the SBEIIb gene of the A, B and D genomes.

In another embodiment, the grain of the wheat plant produced according to the methods disclosed herein comprises starch, and the proportion of amylose in the starch is selected from the group consisting of at least 30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% (w/w).

C. Methods of Producing a Wheat Plant with One or More Mutations in the SBEIIa Gene and SBEIIb Gene in More than One Genome

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of producing a wheat plant with one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene and one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene in one or more than one genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise one mutation in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 2 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 3 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 4 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 5 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 6 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 7 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 8 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 9 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant may comprise 10 mutations in the SBEIIa gene and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of an SBEIIa and SBEIIb gene in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises a mutation in an SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two SBEIIa genes and at least one mutation in at least two SBEIIb genes.

For example, the parent wheat plant may have a mutation in SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the A genome. The selected progeny wheat plants may have a mutation in an SBEIIa and SBEIIb gene of the A genome and one or more mutations in the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes of the B genome. This example is provided merely for clarification and should not limit the methods disclosed herein.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising inducing at least one non-transgenic mutation in at least one copy of SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes in plant material from a parent wheat plant that comprises at least one mutation in two SBEIIa genes and at least one mutation in two SBEIIb genes; growing or using the mutagenized plant material to produce progeny wheat plants; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in three copies of an SBEIIa gene and at least one mutation in three copies of an SBEIIb gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A, B and D genomes and at least one mutation in the SBEIIb gene of the A, B and D genomes.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first SBEIIa gene and a first SBEIIb gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a second SBEIIa gene and a second SBEIIb gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in at least two copies of an SBEIIa and SBEIIb gene.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a wheat plant comprising crossing a first wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first and second SBEIIa gene and at least one non-transgenic mutation in a first and second SBEIIb gene with a second wheat plant that has at least one non-transgenic mutation in a third SBEIIa and at least one non-transgenic mutation in a third SBEIIb gene; and selecting progeny wheat plants that have at least one mutation in all three copies of an SBEIIa and SBEIIb gene. In this embodiment, there would be at least one mutation in the SBEIIb gene of the A, B and D genomes.

In another embodiment, the grain of the wheat plant produced according to the methods disclosed herein comprises starch, and the proportion of amylose in the starch is selected from the group consisting of at least 30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, and 50-55% (w/w).

Wheat Plant. Wheat Seed and Parts of Wheat Plant

In one embodiment, a wheat plant is produced according to the methods disclosed herein. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant have one or more mutations in an SBEII gene. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant have one or more mutations in SBEII genes.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa gene in each of two genomes. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa gene in each of three genomes.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the D genome.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene in the A genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of the wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 that codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 2.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene in the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 3. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 3.

In still another embodiment, wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 4.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene of the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 5.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 6.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIb gene in each of two genomes. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIb gene in each of three genomes.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprises a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 that codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 9. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 9.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 that codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 10.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 11. In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 11.

In still another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 that codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 12.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes in each of two genomes. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes in each of three genomes.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa gene in each of three genomes and one or more non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIb gene.

In another embodiment, the wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant has one or more mutations in the SBEII gene including but not limited to one or more mutations enumerated in Tables 1-6 and 8-12 and corresponding mutations in the homoeologues. A wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant can be generated having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or greater than 25 of the mutations disclosed herein including but not limited to the mutations disclosed in Tables 1-6 and 8-12, as well as mutations in the corresponding homoeologues.

In another embodiment, a wheat plant, wheat seed or parts of a wheat plant comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in an SBEII gene, including but not limited to the mutation listed in Tables 1-6 and 8-12 and the mutations in the corresponding homoeologues, has an increased proportion of amylose in starch as compared to the same wheat cultivar without the mutations in the SBEII gene. In yet another embodiment, the proportion of amylose in the starch is selected from the group consisting of at least 10-15%, 16-20%, 21-25%, 26-30%, 31-35%, 36-40%, 41-45%, 46-50%, 51-55%, 56-60%, 61-65%, 66-70%, 71-75%, 76-80%, 81-85%, 86-90%, 91-95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and greater than 99% (w/w).

Grain, Flour and Starch

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene. In another embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain comprising an embryo, wherein the embryo comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in an SBEII gene.

In another embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa and/or the SBEIIb genes including but not limited to the mutations recited in Tables 1-6 and 8-12 and the corresponding mutations in homoeologues.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain or flour comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa gene in each of two genomes. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain or flour comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa gene in each of three genomes.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene in the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene of the D genome.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene in the A genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the wheat grain or wheat flour comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In still another embodiment, wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 1 that codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 2.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene in the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 3. In another embodiment, the wheat grain or wheat flour comprises a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 3.

In still another embodiment, wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 2 and codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 4.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIa gene of the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, the wheat grain or wheat flour comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 5.

In still another embodiment, wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 3 and codes for a SBEIIa protein, wherein the SBEIIa protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 6.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIb gene. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIb gene in each of two genomes. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat plant comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIb gene in each of three genomes.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene in each of two genomes. In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene in each of three genomes.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene. In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the A genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, the wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprises a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In still another embodiment, the wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 4 that codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 8.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the B genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 9. In another embodiment, the wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 9.

In still another embodiment, the wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 5 that codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 10.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprising a polynucleotide of the SBEIIb gene of the D genome with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 and corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 11. In another embodiment, the wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 11.

In still another embodiment, the wheat grain, wheat flour or starch comprise a polynucleotide with one or more non-transgenic mutations listed in Table 6 that codes for a SBEIIb protein, wherein the SBEIIb protein comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations and is 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater than 99% identical or similar to SEQ ID NO: 12.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIa gene and one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEIIb genes. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes in each of two genomes. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes in each of three genomes.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to a wheat grain, flour or starch comprising at least one non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIa gene in each of three genomes and one or more non-transgenic mutation in the SBEIIb gene.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene and the SBEIIb gene of the A genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene and the SBEIIb gene of the A genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene and the SBEIIb gene of the B genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene and the SBEIIb gene of the B genome.

In one embodiment, the wheat grain, flour or starch comprises one or more non-transgenic mutations in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene and the SBEIIb gene of the D genome. In another embodiment, the non-transgenic mutations are identical in both alleles of the SBEIIa gene and the SBEIIb gene of the D genome.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain or flour comprising an endosperm and a reduced gene expression level, activity or expression level and activity of the SBEII gene as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour.

In still another embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain or flour comprising an endosperm and a reduced expression level, activity or expression level and activity of the SBEII protein as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour. In still another embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain or flour comprising an endosperm and a reduced expression level, activity or expression level and activity of the SBEIIa protein as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour. In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain or flour comprising an endosperm and a reduced expression level, activity or expression level and activity of the SBEIIb protein as compared to wild type wheat grain or flour.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to wheat grain or flour comprising an altered starch component as compared to starch from wild type wheat grain or flour. In another embodiment, the wheat grain or flour comprises starch with a percentage of amylose selected from the group consisting of: 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% as compared to wild type grain or flour.

Food Products

In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a flour or other product produced from the grain or flour discussed above. In another embodiments, the flour, the coarse fraction or purified starch may be a component of a food product.

The food product includes but is not limited to a bagel, a biscuit, a bread, a bun, a croissant, a dumpling, an English muffin, a muffin, a pita bread, a quickbread, a refrigerated/frozen dough products, dough, baked beans, a burrito, chili, a taco, a tamale, a tortilla, a pot pie, a ready to eat cereal, a ready to eat meal, stuffing, a microwaveable meal, a brownie, a cake, a cheesecake, a coffee cake, a cookie, a dessert, a pastry, a sweet roll, a candy bar, a pie crust, pie filling, baby food, a baking mix, a batter, a breading, a gravy mix, a meat extender, a meat substitute, a seasoning mix, a soup mix, a gravy, a roux, a salad dressing, a soup, sour cream, a noodle, a pasta, ramen noodles, chow mein noodles, lo mein noodles, an ice cream inclusion, an ice cream bar, an ice cream cone, an ice cream sandwich, a cracker, a crouton, a doughnut, an egg roll, an extruded snack, a fruit and grain bar, a microwaveable snack product, a nutritional bar, a pancake, a par-baked bakery product, a pretzel, a pudding, a granola-based product, a snack chip, a snack food, a snack mix, a waffle, a pizza crust, animal food or pet food.

In one embodiment, the flour is a whole grain flour (ex.—an ultrafine-milled whole grain flour, such as an ultrafine-milled whole grain wheat flour). In one embodiment, the whole grain flour includes a refined flour constituent (ex.—refined wheat flour or refined flour) and a coarse fraction (ex.—an ultrafine-milled coarse fraction). Refined wheat flour may be flour which is prepared, for example, by grinding and bolting (sifting) cleaned wheat. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires flour to meet certain particle size standards in order to be included in the category of refined wheat flour. The particle size of refined wheat flour is described as flour in which not less than 98% passes through a cloth having openings not larger than those of woven wire cloth designated “212 micrometers (U.S. Wire 70).”

In another embodiment, the coarse fraction includes at least one of: bran and germ. For instance, the germ is an embryonic plant found within the wheat kernel. The germ includes lipids, fiber, vitamins, protein, minerals and phytonutrients, such as flavonoids. The bran may include several cell layers and has a significant amount of lipids, fiber, vitamins, protein, minerals and phytonutrients, such as flavonoids.

For example, the coarse fraction or whole grain flour or refined flour of the present invention may be used in various amounts to replace refined or whole grain flour in baked goods, snack products, and food products. The whole grain flour (i.e.—ultrafine-milled whole grain flour) may also be marketed directly to consumers for use in their homemade baked products. In an exemplary embodiment, a granulation profile of the whole grain flour is such that 98% of particles by weight of the whole grain flour are less than 212 micrometers.

In another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a component of a nutritional supplement. The nutritional supplement may be a product that is added to the diet containing one or more ingredients, typically including: vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, enzymes, antioxidants, herbs, spices, probiotics, extracts, prebiotics and fiber.

In a further embodiment, the nutritional supplement may include any known nutritional ingredients that will aid in the overall health of an individual, examples include but are not limited to vitamins, minerals, other fiber components, fatty acids, antioxidants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, lutein, ribose, omega-3 fatty acids, and/or other nutritional ingredients. Because of the high nutritional content of the endosperm of the present invention, there may be many uses that confer numerous benefits to an individual, including, delivery of fiber and other essential nutrients, increased digestive function and health, weight management, blood sugar management, heart health, diabetes risk reduction, potential arthritis risk reduction, and overall health and wellness for an individual.

In still another embodiments, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a component of a dietary supplement. The Code of Federal Regulations defines a dietary supplement as a product that is intended to supplement the diet and contains one or more dietary ingredients including: vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, and other substances or their constituents; is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement.

In yet another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a fiber supplement or a component thereof. The fiber supplement may be delivered in, but is not limited to the following forms: instant beverage mixes, ready-to-drink beverages, nutritional bars, wafers, cookies, crackers, gel shots, capsules, chews, chewable tablets, and pills. One embodiment delivers the fiber supplement in the form of a flavored shake or malt type beverage.

In another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be included as a component of a digestive supplement. The whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be a component of a digestive supplement alone or in combination with one or more prebiotic compounds and/or probiotic organisms. Prebiotic compounds are non-digestible food ingredients that may beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of a limited number of microorganisms in the colon. Examples of prebiotic compounds within the scope of the invention, may include, but are not limited to: oligosaccharides and inulins.

Probiotics are microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic organisms include, but are not limited to: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia, Clostridium, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Saccharomyces.

In yet another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be included as a component of a functional food. The Institute of Food Technologists defines functional foods as, foods and food components that provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition. This includes conventional foods, fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods, and dietary supplements. The whole grain flour and coarse fraction or refined flour include numerous vitamins and minerals, have high oxygen radical absorption capacities, and are high in fiber, making them ideally suited for use in/as a functional food.

In another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may be used in medical foods. Medical food is defined as a food that is formulated to be consumed or administered entirely under the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation. The nutrient contents and antioxidant capacities of the whole grain flour and coarse fraction or refined flour make them ideal for use in medical foods.

In yet another embodiment, the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour may also be used in pharmaceuticals. The whole grain flour and coarse fraction or refined flour are high in fiber and have a very fine granulation making them suitable for use as a carrier in pharmaceuticals.

In still another embodiment, delivery of the whole grain flour or coarse fraction or refined flour as a nutritional supplement, dietary supplement or digestive supplement is contemplated via delivery mechanisms where the whole grain flour or coarse fraction is the single ingredient or one of many nutritional ingredients. Examples of delivery mechanisms include but are not limited to: instant beverage mixes, ready-to-drink beverages, nutritional bars, wafers, cookies, crackers, gel shots, capsules, and chews.

In yet another embodiment, a milling process may be used to make a multi-wheat flour, or a multi-grain coarse fraction. In one embodiment, bran and germ from one type of wheat may be ground and blended with ground endosperm or whole grain wheat flour of another type of wheat. Alternatively bran and germ of one type of grain may be ground and blended with ground endosperm or whole grain flour of another type of grain.

In still another embodiment, bran and germ from a first type of wheat or grain may be blended with bran and germ from a second type of wheat or grain to produce a multi-grain coarse fraction. It is contemplated that the invention encompasses mixing any combination of one or more of bran, germ, endosperm, and whole grain flour of one or more grains. This multi-grain, multi-wheat approach may be used to make custom flour and capitalize on the qualities and nutritional contents of multiple types of grains or wheats to make one flour.

The whole grain flour of the invention may be produced via a variety of milling processes. One exemplary process involves grinding grain in a single stream without separating endosperm, bran, and germ of the grain into separate streams. Clean and tempered grain is conveyed to a first passage grinder, such as a hammermill, roller mill, pin mill, impact mill, disc mill, air attrition mill, gap mill, or the like.

After grinding, the grain is discharged and conveyed to a sifter. Any sifter known in the art for sifting a ground particle may be used. Material passing through the screen of the sifter is the whole grain flour of the invention and requires no further processing. Material that remains on the screen is referred to as a second fraction. The second fraction requires additional particle reduction. Thus, this second fraction may be conveyed to a second passage grinder.

After grinding, the second fraction may be conveyed to a second sifter. Material passing through the screen of the second sifter is the whole grain flour. The material that remains on the screen is referred to as the fourth fraction and requires further processing to reduce the particle size. The fourth fraction on the screen of the second sifter is conveyed back into either the first passage grinder or the second passage grinder for further processing via a feedback loop.

It is contemplated that the whole grain flour, coarse fraction, purified starch and/or grain products of the invention may be produced by a number of milling processes known in the art.

Plant Breeding

In another embodiment, this invention is directed to methods for plant breeding using wheat plants and plant parts with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene.

One such embodiment is the method of crossing wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene with another variety of wheat to form a first generation population of F1 plants. The population of first generation F1 plants produced by this method is also an embodiment of the invention. This first generation population of F1 plants will comprise an essentially complete set of the alleles of wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene. One of ordinary skill in the art can utilize either breeder books or molecular methods to identify a particular F1 plant produced using wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene, and any such individual plant is also encompassed by this invention. These embodiments also cover use of transgenic or backcross conversions of wheat varieties with one or more mutations in the SBEII gene to produce first generation F1 plants.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of developing a progeny wheat plant. A method of developing a progeny wheat plant comprises crossing a wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene with a second wheat plant and performing a breeding method. A specific method for producing a line derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene is as follows.

One of ordinary skill in the art would cross wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene with another variety of wheat, such as an elite variety. The F1 seed derived from this cross would be grown to form a homogeneous population. The F1 seed would contain one set of the alleles from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene and one set of the alleles from the other wheat variety.

The F1 genome would be made-up of 50% wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene and 50% of the other elite variety. The F1 seed would be grown to form F2 seed. The F1 seed could be allowed to self, or bred with another wheat cultivar.

On average the F2 seed would have derived 50% of its alleles from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene and 50% from the other wheat variety, but various individual plants from the population would have a much greater percentage of their alleles derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene (Wang J. and R. Bernardo, 2000, Crop Sci. 40:659-665 and Bernardo, R. and A. L. Kahler, 2001, Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992).

The F2 seed would be grown and selection of plants would be made based on visual observation and/or measurement of traits and/or marker assisted selection. The wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived progeny that exhibit one or more of the desired wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived traits would be selected and each plant would be harvested separately. This F3 seed from each plant would be grown in individual rows and allowed to self. Then selected rows or plants from the rows would be harvested and threshed individually. The selections would again be based on visual observation and/or measurements for desirable traits of the plants, such as one or more of the desirable wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived traits.

The process of growing and selection would be repeated any number of times until a homozygous wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived wheat plant is obtained. The homozygous wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived wheat plant would contain desirable traits derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene, some of which may not have been expressed by the other original wheat variety to which wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene was crossed and some of which may have been expressed by both wheat varieties but now would be at a level equal to or greater than the level expressed in wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene.

The breeding process, of crossing, selfing, and selection may be repeated to produce another population of wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived wheat plants with, on average, 25% of their genes derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene, but various individual plants from the population would have a much greater percentage of their alleles derived from wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene. Another embodiment of the invention is a homozygous wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived wheat plant that has received wheat variety with one or more non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII gene-derived traits.

The invention is further described by the following paragraphs.

-   -   1. A polynucleotide encoding an SBEIIa polypeptide comprising a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at an amino acid corresponding to         amino acid position 436 of SEQ ID NO: 2.     -   2. The polynucleotide of paragraph 1, wherein the SBEIIa         polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 2.     -   3. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 1-2, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 2.     -   4. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 2.     -   5. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 1-4 comprising a         guanine to adenine mutation at a nucleotide position         corresponding to nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   6. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 1-5 further         comprising at least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   7. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 1-6 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   8. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 1-7 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 1.     -   9. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the         polypeptide further comprises a tryptophan to a stop mutation at         amino acid position 436 of SEQ ID NO: 2.     -   10. The polypeptide of paragraph 9 further comprising an amino         acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:2.     -   11. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 9-10 further comprising         an amino acid sequence having at least 99% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:2.     -   12. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 9-11 further comprising         an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 with a tryptophan to a         stop mutation at amino acid position 436 or a fragment thereof         having starch branching enzyme activity.     -   13. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 1-12 further comprising         an amino acid 25 sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 with a tryptophan to a         stop mutation at amino acid position 436.     -   14. A polynucleotide encoding an SBEIIa polypeptide comprising a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at an amino acid corresponding to         amino acid position 436 of SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   15. The polynucleotide of paragraph 14, wherein the SBEIIa         polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   16. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 14-15, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   17. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 14-16, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   18. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 14-17 comprising a         guanine to adenine mutation at a nucleotide position         corresponding to nucleotide position 5038 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   19. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 14-18 further         comprising at least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   20. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 14-19 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   21. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 14-20 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   22. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the         polypeptide further comprises a tryptophan to a stop mutation at         amino acid position 436 of SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   23. The polypeptide of paragraph 22 further comprising an amino         acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:4.     -   24. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 22-23 further         comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 99% sequence         identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:4.     -   25. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 22-24 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 436 or a fragment thereof having         starch branching enzyme activity.     -   26. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 22-25 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 436.     -   27. A polynucleotide encoding an SBEIIa polypeptide comprising a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at an amino acid corresponding to         amino acid position 432 of SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   28. The polynucleotide of paragraph 27, wherein the SBEIIa         polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   29. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 27-28, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   30. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 27-29, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   31. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 27-30 comprising a         guanine to adenine mutation at a nucleotide position         corresponding to nucleotide position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   32. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 27-31 further         comprising at least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   33. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 27-32 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   34. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 27-33 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   35. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein the         polypeptide further comprises a tryptophan to a stop mutation at         amino acid position 432 of SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   36. The polypeptide of paragraph 35 further comprising an amino         acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:6.     -   37. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 35-36 further         comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 99% sequence         identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:6.     -   38. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 35-37 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 432 or a fragment thereof having         starch branching enzyme activity.     -   39. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 35-38 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 432.     -   40. A polynucleotide encoding an SBEIIa polypeptide comprising a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at an amino acid corresponding to         amino acid position 446 of SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   41. The polynucleotide of paragraph 40, wherein the SBEIIa         polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   42. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 40-41, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   43. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 40-42, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   44. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 40-43 comprising a         guanine to adenine mutation at a nucleotide position         corresponding to nucleotide position 5069 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   45. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 40-44 further         comprising at least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   46. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 40-45 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   47. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 40-46 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   48. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the         polypeptide further comprises a tryptophan to a stop mutation at         amino acid position 446 of SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   49. The polypeptide of paragraph 48 further comprising an amino         acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:4.     -   50. The polypeptide of paragraphs 48-49 further comprising an         amino acid sequence having at least 99% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:4.     -   51. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 48-50 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 446 or a fragment thereof having         starch branching enzyme activity.     -   52. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 48-51 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 446.     -   53. An SBEIIa polynucleotide comprising a guanine to adenine         mutation at a nucleotide position corresponding to nucleotide         position 5073 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   54. The polynucleotide of paragraph 53 further comprising at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   55. The polynucleotide of any of paragraph 53-54 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   56. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 53-55 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   57. A polynucleotide encoding an SBEIIa polypeptide comprising a         glycine to a glutamate mutation at an amino acid corresponding         to amino acid position 467 of SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   58. The polynucleotide of paragraph 57, wherein the SBEIIa         polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   59. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 57-58, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   60. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 57-59, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   61. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 57-60 comprising a         guanine to adenine mutation at a nucleotide position         corresponding to nucleotide position 5219 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   62. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 57-61 further         comprising at least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   63. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 57-62 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   64. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 57-63 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   65. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the         polypeptide further comprises a glycine to a glutamate mutation         at amino acid position 467 of SEQ ID NO: 4.     -   66. The polypeptide of paragraph 65 further comprising an amino         acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:4.     -   67. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 65-66 further         comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 99% sequence         identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:4.     -   68. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 65-67 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 with a glycine to a glutamate         mutation at amino acid position 467 or a fragment thereof having         starch branching enzyme activity.     -   69. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 65-68 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 with a glycine to a glutamate         mutation at amino acid position 467.     -   70. A polynucleotide encoding an SBEIIa polypeptide comprising a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at an amino acid corresponding to         amino acid position 442 of SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   71. The polynucleotide of paragraph 70, wherein the SBEIIa         polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   72. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 70-71, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   73. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 70-72, wherein the         SBEIIa polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   74. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 70-73 comprising a         guanine to adenine mutation at a nucleotide position         corresponding to nucleotide position 6335 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   75. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 70-74 further         comprising at least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   76. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 70-75 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   77. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 70-76 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   78. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein the         polypeptide further comprises a tryptophan to a stop mutation at         amino acid position 442 of SEQ ID NO: 6.     -   79. The polypeptide of paragraph 78 further comprising an amino         acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:6.     -   80. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 78-79 further         comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 99% sequence         identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:6.     -   81. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 78-80 further         comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 with a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at amino acid position 442 or a         fragment thereof having starch branching enzyme activity.     -   82. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 78-81 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 442.     -   83. A polynucleotide encoding an SBEIIb polypeptide comprising a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at an amino acid corresponding to         amino acid position 285 of SEQ ID NO: 8.     -   84. The polynucleotide of paragraph 83, wherein the SBEIIb         polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 8.     -   85. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 83-84, wherein the         SBEIIb polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 8.     -   86. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 83-85, wherein the         SBEIIb polypeptide further comprises an amino acid sequence         having at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 8.     -   87. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 83-86 comprising a         guanine to adenine mutation at a nucleotide position         corresponding to nucleotide position 2282 of SEQ ID NO: 7.     -   88. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 83-87 further         comprising at least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 7.     -   89. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 83-88 further         comprising at least 97% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 7.     -   90. The polynucleotide of any of paragraphs 83-89 further         comprising at least 99% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO: 7.     -   91. A polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 95% identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the         polypeptide further comprises a tryptophan to a stop mutation at         amino acid position 285 of SEQ ID NO: 8.     -   92. The polypeptide of paragraph 91 further comprising an amino         acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity or         similarity to SEQ ID NO:8.     -   93. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 91-92 further         comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 99% sequence         identity or similarity to SEQ ID NO:8.     -   94. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 91-93 further         comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 with a         tryptophan to a stop mutation at amino acid position 285 or a         fragment thereof having starch branching enzyme activity.     -   95. The polypeptide of any of paragraphs 91-94 comprising an         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8 with a tryptophan to a stop         mutation at amino acid position 285.     -   96. A wheat plant comprising a polynucleotide of any of         paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and         83-90.     -   97. A wheat plant comprising at least two non-transgenic         mutations in an SBEII gene, wherein at least one mutation is in         the SBEIIa gene as recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21,         27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, and 70-77.     -   98. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-97, wherein a second         non-transgenic mutation is in the SBEIIb gene. The SBEIIb         mutations may be as recited in paragraphs 83-90.     -   99. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-98, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the SBEIIa gene.     -   100. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-99, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the same genome.     -   101. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-100, wherein the         first and second mutations are in different genomes.     -   102. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-101, further         comprising at least three non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII         gene.     -   103. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-102, wherein two         mutations are in the same genome.     -   104. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-103, wherein three         mutations are in different genomes.     -   105. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-104, wherein the         three mutations are in each of the A genome, B genome and D         genome. Any number of mutations are possible including 1, 2, 3,         4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and greater than 10 mutations in the         SBEIIa gene and 30 including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and         greater than 10 mutations in the SBEIIb gene.     -   106. A wheat plant comprising at least two polynucleotides as         recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56,         57-64, 70-77, and 83-90     -   107. A wheat plant comprising a polypeptide of any of paragraphs         9-13, 22-26, 35-39, 48-52, 65-69, 78-82, and 91-95.     -   108. The wheat plant of any of paragraphs 96-107, wherein the         wheat is diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid.     -   109. A hexaploid wheat plant comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5308 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   110. A hexaploid wheat plant comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5069 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6335 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   111. A hexaploid wheat plant comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5193 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   112. A wheat plant comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5073 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   113. A wheat plant comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5219 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   114. A wheat plant comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5033 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   115. A wheat seed comprising a polynucleotide of any of         paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and         83-90.     -   116. A wheat seed comprising at least two non-transgenic         mutations in an SBEII gene, wherein at least one mutation is in         the SBEIIa gene as recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21,         27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and 83-90.     -   117. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-115, wherein a         second non-transgenic mutation is in the SBEIIb gene.     -   118. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-117, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the SBEIIa gene.     -   119. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-118, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the same genome.     -   120. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-119, wherein the         first and second mutations are in different genomes.     -   121. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-120 further         comprising at least three non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII         gene.     -   122. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-121, wherein three         mutations are in the same genome.     -   123. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-122, wherein three         mutations are in different genomes.     -   124. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-123, wherein the         three mutations are in each of the A genome, B genome and D         genome.     -   125. A wheat seed comprising at least two polynucleotides as         recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56,         57-64, 70-77, and 83-90.     -   126. A wheat seed comprising a polypeptide of any of paragraphs         9-13, 22-26, 35-39, 48-52, 65-69, 78-82, and 91-95.     -   127. The wheat seed of any of paragraphs 115-126, wherein the         wheat is diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid.     -   128. A hexaploid wheat seed comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5308 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   129. A hexaploid wheat seed comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5069 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6335 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   130. A hexaploid wheat seed comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5193 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   131. A wheat seed comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5073 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   132. A wheat seed comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5219 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   133. A wheat seed comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5033 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   134. Wheat grain comprising a polynucleotide of any of         paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and         83-90.     -   135. Wheat grain comprising at least two non-transgenic         mutations in an SBEII gene, wherein one mutation is in the         SBEIIa gene as recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34,         40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and 83-90.     -   136. The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-135, wherein a         second non-transgenic mutation is in the SBEIIb gene.     -   137. The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-136, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the SBEIIa gene.     -   138. The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-137, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the same genome.     -   139. The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-138, wherein the         first and second mutations are in different genomes.     -   140. The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-139, further         comprising at least three non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII         gene.     -   141 The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-140, wherein the         three mutations are in the same genome.     -   142. The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-141, wherein the         three mutations are in different genomes.     -   143. The wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-142, wherein the         three mutations are in each of the A genome, B genome and D         genome.     -   144. Wheat grain comprising at least two polynucleotides as         recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56,         57-64, 70-77, and 83-90.     -   145. Wheat grain comprising a polypeptide of any of paragraphs         9-13, 22-26, 35-39, 48-52, 65-69, 78-82, and 91-95.     -   146. Wheat grain of any of paragraphs 134-145, wherein the wheat         is diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid.     -   147. A hexaploid wheat grain comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5308 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   148. A hexaploid wheat grain comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5069 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6335 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   149. A hexaploid wheat grain comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5193 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   150. A wheat grain comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5073 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   151. A wheat grain comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5219 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   152. A wheat grain comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5033 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   153. Wheat flour comprising a polynucleotide of any of         paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and         83-90.     -   154. Wheat flour comprising at least two non-transgenic         mutations in an SBEII gene, wherein one mutation is in the         SBEIIa gene as recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34,         40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and 83-90.     -   155. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-154, wherein a         second non-transgenic mutation is in the SBEIIb gene.     -   156. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-155, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the SBEIIa gene.     -   157. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-156, wherein the         first and second mutations are in the same genome.     -   158. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-157, wherein the         first and second mutations are in different genomes.     -   159. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-158, further         comprising at least three non-transgenic mutations in the SBEII         gene.     -   160. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-159, wherein the         three mutations are in the same genome.     -   161. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-160, wherein the         three mutations are in different genomes.     -   162. The wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-161, wherein the         three mutations are in each of the A genome, B genome and D         genome.     -   163. Wheat flour comprising at least two polynucleotides as         recited in any of paragraphs 1-8, 14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56,         57-64, 70-77, and 83-90.     -   164. Wheat flour comprising a polypeptide of any of paragraphs         9-13, 22-26, 35-39, 48-52, 65-69, 78-82, and 91-95.     -   165. Wheat flour of any of paragraphs 153-164, wherein the wheat         is diploid, tetraploid or hexaploid.     -   166. A hexaploid wheat flour comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5308 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   167. A hexaploid wheat flour comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5069 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6335 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   168. A hexaploid wheat flour comprising at least one mutation in         each SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the         A genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5193 of SEQ ID NO: 3;         and wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome         corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at nucleotide         position 6305 of SEQ ID NO: 5.     -   169. A wheat flour comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5073 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   170. A wheat flour comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5219 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   171. A wheat flour comprising at least one mutation in each         SBEIIa gene, wherein the mutation in the SBEIIa gene of the A         genome corresponds to a guanine to adenine mutation at         nucleotide position 5267 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the mutation         in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome corresponds to a guanine to         adenine mutation at nucleotide position 5033 of SEQ ID NO: 3.     -   172. A food product comprising the wheat grain of any of         paragraphs 134-152.     -   173. A food product comprising the wheat flour of any of         paragraphs 153-171.     -   174. Use of a polynucleotide according to any of paragraphs 1-8,         14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and 83-90 for the         production of wheat having increased amylose levels compared to         wild type wheat, wherein said polynucleotide contributes to the         increased amylose levels.     -   175. Use of a polynucleotide according to any of paragraphs 1-8,         14-21, 27-34, 40-47, 53-56, 57-64, 70-77, and 83-90 for the         selection of wheat having increased amylose levels compared to         wild type wheat, wherein genomic DNA is isolated from the wheat         and a segment of said SBEII gene is amplified and the presence         of said gene is detected.     -   176. Use of a polypeptide according to any of paragraphs 9-13,         22-26, 35-39, 48-52, 65-69, 78-82, and 91-95 for the production         of wheat having increased amylose levels compared to wild type         wheat, wherein said polynucleotide contributes to the increased         amylose levels.     -   177. Use of a polypeptide according to any of paragraphs 9-13,         22-26, 35-39, 48-52, 65-69, 78-82, and 91-95 for the selection         of wheat having increased amylose levels compared to wild type         wheat, wherein genomic DNA is isolated from the wheat and a         segment of said SBEII gene is amplified and the presence of said         gene is detected.

Example 1

Mutagenesis

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, wheat seeds of the hexaploid cultivar (Triticum aestivum) Express and of the tetraploid cultivar (Triticum turgidum, Durum) Kronos were vacuum infiltrated in H₂O (approximately 1,000 seeds/100 ml H₂O for approximately 4 minutes). The seeds were then placed on a shaker (45 rpm) in a fume hood at room temperature. The mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was added to the imbibing seeds to final concentrations ranging from about 0.75% to about 1.2% (v/v). Following an 18-hour incubation period, the EMS solution was replaced 4 times with fresh H₂O. The seeds were then rinsed under running water for about 4-8 hours. Finally, the mutagenized seeds were planted (96/tray) in potting soil and allowed to germinate indoors. Plants that were four to six weeks old were transferred to the field to grow to fully mature M1 plants. The mature M1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate and then seeds from the M1 plant were collected and planted to produce M2 plants.

DNA Preparation

DNA from the M2 plants produced in accordance with the above description was extracted and prepared in order to identify which M2 plants carried a mutation at one or more of their SBEII loci. The M2 plant DNA was prepared using the methods and reagents contained in the Qiagen® (Valencia, CA) DNeasy® 96 Plant Kit. Approximately 50 mg of frozen plant sample was placed in a sample tube with a tungsten bead, frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground 2 times for 1 minute each at 20 Hz using the Retsch® Mixer Mill MM 300. Next, 400 μl of solution AP1 [Buffer AP1, solution DX and RNAse (100 mg/ml)] at 80° C. was added to the sample. The tube was sealed and shaken for 15 seconds. Following the addition of 130 μl Buffer AP2, the tube was shaken for 15 seconds. The samples were placed in a freezer at minus 20° C. for at least 1 hour. The samples were then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 5,600×g. A 400 μl aliquot of supernatant was transferred to another sample tube. Following the addition of 600 μl of Buffer AP3/E, this sample tube was capped and shaken for 15 seconds. A filter plate was placed on a square well block and 1 ml of the sample solution was applied to each well and the plate was sealed. The plate and block were centrifuged for 4 minutes at 5,600×g. Next, 800 μl of Buffer AW was added to each well of the filter plate, sealed and spun for 15 minutes at 5,600×g in the square well block. The filter plate was then placed on a new set of sample tubes and 80 μl of Buffer AE was applied to the filter. It was capped and incubated at room temperature for 1 minute and then spun for 2 minutes at 5600×g. This step was repeated with an additional 80 μl Buffer AE. The filter plate was removed and the tubes containing the pooled filtrates were capped. The individual samples were then normalized to a DNA concentration of 5 to 10 ng/μl.

Tilling

The M2 DNA was pooled into groups of two individual plants. The DNA concentration for each individual within the pool was approximately 0.8 ng/μl with a final concentration of 1.6 ng/μl for the entire pool. Then, 5 μl of the pooled DNA samples (or 8 ng wheat DNA) was arrayed on microtiter plates and subjected to gene-specific PCR.

PCR amplification was performed in 15 μl volumes containing 2.5 ng pooled DNA, 0.75×ExTaq buffer (Panvera®, Madison, WI), 2.6 mM MgCl₂, 0.3 mM dNTPs, 0.3 μM primers, and 0.05U Ex-Taq (Panvera®) DNA polymerase. PCR amplification was performed using an MJ Research® thermal cycler as follows: 95° C. for 2 minutes; 8 cycles of “touchdown PCR” (94° C. for 20 second, followed by annealing step starting at 70-68° C. for 30 seconds and decreasing 1° C. per cycle, then a temperature ramp of 0.5° C. per second to 72° C. followed by 72° C. for 1 minute); 25-45 cycles of 94° C. for 20 seconds, 63-61° C. for 30 seconds, ramp 0.5° C./sec to 72° C., 72° C. for 1 minute; 72° C. for 8 minutes; 98° C. for 8 minutes; 80° C. for 20 seconds; 60 cycles of 80° C. for 7 seconds −0.3 degrees/cycle.

The PCR primers (MWG Biotech, Inc., High Point, NC) were mixed as follows:

-   -   2.5 μl 100 μM IRD-700 labeled left primer     -   7.5 μl 100 μM left primer     -   9.0 μl 100 μM IRD-800 labeled right primer     -   1.0 μl 100 μM right primer

A label can be attached to each primer as described or to only one of the primers. Alternatively, Cy5.5 modified primers could be used. The label was coupled to the oligonucleotide using conventional phosphoramidite chemistry.

PCR products (15 μl) were digested in 96-well plates. Next, 30 μl of a solution containing 10 mM HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid] (pH 7.5), 10 mM MgSO₄, 0.002% (w/v) Triton® X-100, 20 ng/ml of bovine serum albumin, and Surveyor® endonuclease (Transgenomic®, Inc.; 1:100,000 dilution) was added with mixing on ice, and the plate was incubated at 45° C. for 15 minutes. The specific activity of the Surveyor enzyme was 800 units/μl, where a unit was defined by the manufacturer as the amount of enzyme required to produce 1 ng of acid-soluble material from sheared, heat denatured calf thymus DNA at pH 8.5 in one minute at 37° C. Reactions were stopped by addition of 10 μl of a 2.5 M NaCl solution with 0.5 mg/ml blue dextran and 75 mM EDTA, followed by the addition of 80 μl isopropanol. The reactions were precipitated at room temperature, spun at 4,000 rpm for 30 minutes in an Eppendorf Centrifuge 5810. Pellets were resuspended in 8 μl of 33% formamide with 0.017% bromophenol blue dye, heated at 80° C. for 7 minutes and then at 95° C. for 2 minutes. Samples were transferred to a membrane comb using a comb-loading robot (MWG Biotech). The comb was inserted into a slab acrylamide gel (6.5%), electrophoresed for 10 min, and removed. Electrophoresis was continued for 4 hours at 1,500-V, 40-W, and 40-mA limits at 50° C.

During electrophoresis, the gel was imaged using a LI-COR® (Lincoln, NE) scanner which was set at a channel capable of detecting the IR Dye 700 and 800 labels. The gel image showed sequence-specific pattern of background bands common to all 96 lanes. Rare events, such as mutations, create new bands that stand out above the background pattern. Plants with bands indicative of mutations of interest were evaluated by TILLING individual members of a pool mixed with wild type DNA and then sequencing individual PCR products. Plants carrying mutations confirmed by sequencing were grown up as described above (e.g., the M2 plant could be backcrossed or outcrossed twice in order to eliminate background mutations and self-pollinated in order to create a plant that was homozygous for the mutation) or crossed to another plant containing SBEII mutations in a different homoeolog.

Plants that were identified with severe mutations in SBEIIa of the A, B, or D genome were crossed with other plants that contained severe mutations in SBEIIa in other genomes. Severe mutations included those mutations that were predicted to have a deleterious effect on protein function by their SIFT and PSSM, as well as those mutations that resulted in the introduction of a stop codon (truncation mutation) or a mutation at a splice junction. Table 8 shows examples of crosses that were made.

With regard to Tables 8-12, nucleic acid designations of the mutations in SBEIIa of the A genome correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 1. Amino acid designations of the SBEIIa polypeptide of the A genome correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 2. Nucleic acid designations of the mutations in SBEIIa of the B genome correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 3. Amino acid designations of the SBEIIa polypeptide of the B genome correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 4. Nucleic acid designations of the mutations in SBEIIa of the D genome correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 5. Amino acid designations of the SBEIIa polypeptide of the A genome correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 6. Nucleic acid designations of the mutations in SBEIIb of the A genome correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 7. Amino acid designations of the SBEIIb polypeptide of the A genome correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 8. Nucleic acid designations of the mutations in SBEIIb of the B genome correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 9. Amino acid designations of the SBEIIb polypeptide of the B genome correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 10. Nucleic acid designations of the mutations in SBEIIb of the D genome correspond to the position in the reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 11. Amino acid designations of the SBEIIb polypeptide of the A genome correspond to the amino acid position of reference sequence SEQ ID NO: 12.

TABLE 8 Examples of wheat plants identified which had a mutation in SBEIIa that was predicted to be severe and the crosses that were made to plants with severe SBEIIa mutations in a different genome. Nucleotide A.A. Cross Variety Gene Mutation Mutation 1 Express SBEIIaA G5267A W436* Express SBEIIaB G5038A W436* Express SBEIIaD G6305A W432* 2 Express SBEIIaA G5267A W436* Express SBEIIaB G5069A W446* Express SBEIIaD G6335A W442* 3 Express SBEIIaA G5267A W436* Express SBEIIaB G5193A W458* Express SBEIIaD G6305A W432* 4 Kronos SBEIIaA G5267A W436* Kronos SBEIIaB G5073A Splice Junction 5 Kronos SBEIIaA G5267A W436* Kronos SBEIIaB G5219A G467E 6 Kronos SBEIIaA G5267A W436* Kronos SBEIIaB G5033A W434*

Additionally, Express wheat plants identified as containing mutations in SBEIIa were rescreened for mutations in SBEIIb of the same genome using homoeologue specific primers. Plants with mutations in both SBEIIa and SBEIIb of each genome were sequenced and the plants containing severe mutations in both linked genes of the same genome were grown up and self-pollinated to obtain homozygous lines and confirm linkage of the mutations in SBEIIa and SBEIIb. Plants with mutations in both SBEIIa and SBEIIb in the same genome were crossed to plants with linked SBEII mutations in other genomes to obtain wheat lines with linked mutations in all three genomes.

TABLE 9: Examples of twelve Express wheat plants identified which had severe mutations in both SBEIIa and SBEIIb of the same genome (i.e., linked mutations) are shown in Table 9. The SBEIIa and SBEIIb genes are located close together on the chromosome and mutation segregation studies showed that these mutations were linked and were not inherited independently. It would be obvious to one skilled in the art that an alternative approach to identify linked mutations in both genes would be to first identify plants with mutations in their SBEIIb genomes and then rescreen these individuals for mutations in their SBEIIa genomes. It would also be obvious to one skilled in the art that an alternative approach to obtain linked mutations in both genes would be to identify plants in which recombination has occurred between mutations in SBEIIa and SBEIIb.

TABLE 9 Wheat plants with mutations in both SBEIIa and SBEIIb of the same genome Nucleotide A.A. Nucleotide A.A. Plant Gene Mutation Mutation Gene Mutation Mutation 1 SBEIIaA C5804T P519S SBEIIbA C2617T P336L 2 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* 3 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* 4 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* 5 SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1356A E216K 6 SBEIIaA C5757T A503V SBEIIbA G278A W59* 7 SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 8 SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 9 SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 10 SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 11 SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W 12 SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L

Plants that were homozygous for severe linked mutations (SBEIIa and SBEIIb) in each genome were crossed with plants containing severe linked mutations in other genomes to create plants that had linked SBEIIa and SBEIIb mutations in all three genomes. Multiple combinations of mutations within genomes were produced during the crossing.

TABLE 10 Examples of wheat plants identified that had a severe mutation in SBEIIa and SBEIIb of each genome and crosses to achieve plants with mutations in both SBEIIa and SBEIIb of all three genomes. Nucleotide A.A. Nucleotide A.A. Cross Gene Mutation Mutation Gene Mutation Mutation 1 SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1356A E216K SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 2 SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1356A E216K SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 3 SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1356A E216K SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 4 SBEIIaA C5804T P519S SBEIIbA C2617T P336L SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 5 SBEIIaA C5804T P519S SBEIIbA C2617T P336L SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 6 SBEIIaA C5804T P519S SBEIIbA C2617T P336L SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 7 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 8 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 9 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 10 SBEIIaA C5757T A503V SBEIIbA G278A W59* SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 11 SBEIIaA C5757T A503V SBEIIbA G278A W59* SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 12 SBEIIaA C5757T A503V SBEIIbA G278A W59* SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 13 SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1356A E216K SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 14 SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1356A E216K SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 15 SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1356A E216K SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 16 SBEIIaA C5804T P519S SBEIIbA C2617T P336L SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 17 SBEIIaA C5804T P519S SBEIIbA C2617T P336L SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 18 SBEIIaA C5804T P519S SBEIIbA C2617T P336L SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 19 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 20 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 21 SBEIIaA G5463A G472E SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M 22 SBEIIaA C5757T A503V SBEIIbA G278A W59* SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 23 SBEIIaA C5757T A503V SBEIIbA G278A W59* SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD G5156A G374E SBEIIbD C4246T P275L 24 SBEIIaA C5757T A503V SBEIIbA G278A W59* SBEIIaB G5219A G467E SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIaD C3743T S266F SBEIIbD G4290A V290M

TABLE 11 Three examples of wheat plants with other combinations of mutations of SBEIIa and SBEIIb of multiple genomes. Nucleotide A.A. Nucleotide A.A. Type Gene Mutation Mutation Gene Mutation Mutation SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1668A E216K SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6306A D433N SBEIIbD C4573T R325W LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G2605A G264D SBEIIbA G1668A E216K LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G2386A G233D SBEIIbB C2786T P263L SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432*

TABLE 12 Additional examples of wheat plants with other combinations of mutations of SBEIIa and SBEIIb of multiple genomes. Nucleotide A.A. Nucleotide Combo Type Gene Mutation Mutation Gene Mutation A.A. Mutation 1 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 2 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 3 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 4 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD 5 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 6 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD 7 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD 8 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2156A Splice Junction LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 9 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 10 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2156A Splice Junction SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 11 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2156A Splice Junction LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD 12 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 13 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2156A Splice Junction SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD 14 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD 15 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 16 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 17 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 18 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 19 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 20 SBEIIa Only SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 21 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD C4573T R325W 22 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2156A Splice Junction SBEIIa Only SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD G3599A W233* 23 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2282A W285* LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB C3232T R325W SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD 24 LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaA G5267A W436* SBEIIbA G2156A Splice Junction LinkedSBEIIa & IIb SBEIIaB G5038A W436* SBEIIbB G1916A S208N SBEIIa Only SBEIIaD G6305A W432* SBEIIbD

Mutations in SBEIIa increase amylose content and resistant starch levels in wheat seeds from (1) double homozygous Kronos wheat plants with a stop mutation in SBEIIaA (G5267A/W436*) and a splice junction mutation in SBEIIaB (G5073A/splice junction), and (2) double homozygous Kronos wheat plants with a stop mutation in SBEIIaA (G5267A/W436*) and a missense mutation in SBEIIaB (G5219A/G467E) were evaluated for amylose content using the K-AMYL kit from Megazyme (Ireland) and controls of known amylose amounts. The amylose content of whole seed milled starch was an average of 40-49% for the double homozygous mutant seeds compared to seeds from their wild type sibling controls whose amylose content was 20-25%.

Seeds from (1) triple homozygous Express wheat plants with a stop mutation in SBEIIaA (G5267A/W436*), SBEIIaB (G5038A/W436*), and SBEIIaD (G6305A/W432*), and (2) triple homozygous Express wheat plants with a stop mutation in SBEIIaA (G5267A/W436*), SBEIIaB (G5069A/W446*), and SBEIIaD (G6335A/W442*) were evaluated for amylose content using the K-AMYL kit from Megazyme (Ireland) and a controls of known amylose amounts. The amylose content of whole seed milled starch was 50-60% for the triple homozygous mutant seeds compared to seeds from their wild type sibling controls whose amylose content was 20-25%.

Flour milled from the triple homozygous mutant seed had 12-15% resistant starch content compared to flour from the wild type sibling controls, which had approximately 1% resistant starch. Bread made from the triple homozygous mutant flour had increased resistant starch levels of 6% compared to bread made from flour of wild type sibling and parental controls, which had less than 1% resistant starch. Bread made from a 50:50 blend with standard wheat flour had increased resistant starch levels of 4% compared to bread made from a 50:50 blend with sibling control flour that had resistant starch levels less than 1%.

Seeds from (1) quadruple homozygous Express wheat plants with a linked mutation in SBEIIaA (G5463A/G472E)- and SBEIIbA (G2282A/W285*), combined with a stop mutation in SBEIIaB (G5038A/W436*), and SBEIIaD (G6305A/W432) was evaluated for amylose content using the K-AMYL kit from Megazyme (Ireland) and controls of known amylose amounts. The amylose content of whole seed milled starch was 58% for the quadruple homozygous mutant seeds compared to seeds from their wild type sibling controls whose amylose content was 20-25%.

Seeds from (2) quadruple homozygous Express wheat plants with a stop mutation in SBEIIaA (G5267A/W436*), combined with a stop mutation in SBEIIaB (G5038A/W436*), and a linked mutation in SBEIIaD (G6306A/D433N)- and SBEIIbD (C4573T/R325W) was evaluated for amylose content using the K-AMYL kit from Megazyme (Ireland) and controls of known amylose amounts. The amylose content of whole seed milled starch was 38% for the quadruple homozygous mutant seeds compared to seeds from their wild type sibling controls whose amylose content was 23%.

Seeds from (3) quadruple homozygous Express wheat plants with a stop mutation in SBEIIaA (G5267A/W436*), combined with a linked mutation in SBEIIaB (G5219A/G467E)- and SBEIIbB (C3232T/R325W), and a stop mutation in SBEIIaD (G6305A/W432*) were evaluated for amylose content using the K-AMYL kit from Megazyme (Ireland) and controls of known amylose amounts. The amylose content of whole seed milled starch was 38% for the quadruple homozygous mutant seeds compared to seeds from their wild type sibling controls whose amylose content was 24%.

Seeds from a sextuple homozygous Express wheat plants with linked mutations in SBEIIaA (G5463A/G472E) and SBEIIbA (G2282A/W285*), combined with linked mutations in SBEIIaB (G5219A/G467E) and SBEIIbB (C3232T/R325W), and linked mutations in SBEIIaD (G6306A/D433N) and SBEIIbD (C4573T/R325W) were evaluated for amylose content using the K-AMYL kit from Megazyme (Ireland) and controls of known amylose amounts. The amylose content of whole seed milled starch was 25-30% for the sextuple homozygous mutant seeds compared to seeds from their wild type sibling controls whose amylose content was 16%.

The above examples are provided to illustrate the invention but not limit its scope. Other variants of the invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and are encompassed by the appended claims and all their equivalents. The examples above used TILLING technology to create and identify mutations in one or more SBEII genes of wheat that increase amylose levels in wheat seeds, but one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that other methods such as targeted mutagenesis (also known as site-directed mutagenesis, site-specific mutagenesis or oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis) could be used to create the useful mutations of the present invention in one or more SBEII loci of wheat (see for example Zhang et al., PNAS 107(26):12028-12033, 2010; Saika et al., Plant Physiology 156:1269-1277, 2011). All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Flour made from a wheat grain, wherein the wheat grain is harvested from a wheat plant of the species Triticum aestivum comprising one or more homozygous mutations in both SBEIIa alleles of each SBEIIa gene of the A, B, and D genomes, or one or more homozygous mutations in both SBEIIa alleles of each SBEIIa gene of the A, B, and D genomes and one or more homozygous mutations in both SBEIIb alleles of one or more of the SBEIIb genes of the A, B, and D genomes, selected from: (i) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is G472E at a position corresponding to G472 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; (ii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; (iii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is G467E at a position corresponding to G467 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is R325W at a position corresponding to R325 of SEQ ID NO:10; (iv) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W446* at a position corresponding to W446 of SEQ ID NO:4; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W442* at a position corresponding to W442 of SEQ ID NO:6; (v) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; (vi) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is G1916A at a position corresponding to G1916 of SEQ ID NO:9; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the D genome is W233* at a position corresponding to W233 of SEQ ID NO:12; (vii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is G1916A at a position corresponding to G1916 of SEQ ID NO:9; (viii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the D genome is W233* at a position corresponding to W233 of SEQ ID NO:12; (ix) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is G1916A at a position corresponding to G1916 of SEQ ID NO:9; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the D genome is W233* at a position corresponding to W233 of SEQ ID NO:12; and (x) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is G472E at a position corresponding to G472 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is G472E at a position corresponding to G472 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; wherein * indicates a stop codon; wherein the wheat plant produces wheat grain that germinates; and wherein the wheat grain from the wheat plant has an increased amylose level as compared to wheat grain from a wild type wheat plant.
 2. Purified starch from the flour of claim
 1. 3. A food comprising the flour of claim
 1. 4. A beverage product comprising the flour of claim
 1. 5. A method of making a wheat grain, said method comprising: (a) obtaining a wheat plant of the species Triticum aestivum comprising one or more homozygous mutations in both SBEIIa alleles of each SBEIIa gene of the A, B, and D genomes or one or more homozygous mutations in both SBEIIa alleles of each SBEIIa gene of the A, B, and D genomes and one or more homozygous mutations in both SBEIIb alleles of one or more of the SBEIIb genes of the A, B, or D genomes, selected from: (i) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is G472E at a position corresponding to G472 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; (ii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; (iii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is G467E at a position corresponding to G467 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is R325W at a position corresponding to R325 of SEQ ID NO:10; (iv) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W446* at a position corresponding to W446 of SEQ ID NO:4; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W442* at a position corresponding to W442 of SEQ ID NO:6; (v) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; (vi) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is G1916A at a position corresponding to G1916 of SEQ ID NO:9; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the D genome is W233* at a position corresponding to W233 of SEQ ID NO:12; (vii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is G1916A at a position corresponding to G1916 of SEQ ID NO:9; (viii) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the D genome is W233* at a position corresponding to W233 of SEQ ID NO:12; (ix) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is W436* at a position corresponding to W436 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the B genome is G1916A at a position corresponding to G1916 of SEQ ID NO:9; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the D genome is W233* at a position corresponding to W233 of SEQ ID NO:12; and (x) the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the A genome is G472E at a position corresponding to G472 of SEQ ID NO:2; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the B genome is G472E at a position corresponding to G472 of SEQ ID NO:4; the one or more mutations in the SBEIIa gene of the D genome is W432* at a position corresponding to W432 of SEQ ID NO:6; and the one or more mutations in the SBEIIb gene of the A genome is W285* at a position corresponding to W285 of SEQ ID NO:8; wherein * indicates a stop codon; wherein the wheat plant produces wheat grain that germinates; and wherein the wheat grain from the wheat plant has an increased amylose level as compared to wheat grain from a wild type wheat plant; and (b) harvesting wheat grain from the wheat plant.
 6. Flour comprising the wheat grain made according to claim
 5. 7. Purified starch from the flour of claim
 6. 8. A food comprising a component of the wheat grain made according to claim
 5. 9. A beverage product comprising a component of the wheat grain made according to claim
 5. 